{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:42:17Z","timestamp":1782862937942,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000}}],"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["521921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["521921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["542981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["542981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019274","name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH111703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH111703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-1707398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1707398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000324","name":"Gatsby Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019274","name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH126158-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH126158-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Relational cognition\u2014the ability to infer relationships that generalize to novel combinations of objects\u2014is fundamental to human and animal intelligence. Despite this importance, it remains unclear how relational cognition is implemented in the brain due in part to a lack of hypotheses and predictions at the levels of collective neural activity and behavior. Here we discovered, analyzed, and experimentally tested neural networks (NNs) that perform transitive inference (TI), a classic relational task (if A &gt; B and B &gt; C, then A &gt; C). We found NNs that (i) generalized perfectly, despite lacking overt transitive structure prior to training, (ii) generalized when the task required working memory (WM), a capacity thought to be essential to inference in the brain, (iii) emergently expressed behaviors long observed in living subjects, in addition to a novel order-dependent behavior, and (iv) expressed different task solutions yielding alternative behavioral and neural predictions. Further, in a large-scale experiment, we found that human subjects performing WM-based TI showed behavior inconsistent with a class of NNs that characteristically expressed an intuitive task solution. These findings provide neural insights into a classical relational ability, with wider implications for how the brain realizes relational cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T13:52:42Z","timestamp":1714053162000},"page":"e1011954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Emergent neural dynamics and geometry for generalization in a transitive inference task"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-7217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Biderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Khajeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Beiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Cueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphna","family":"Shohamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-4360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Greg","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Xin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent P.","family":"Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LF","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref001","first-page":"99","article-title":"The representation of knowledge in memory","author":"A. Ortony","year":"1977","journal-title":"Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref002","volume-title":"Schemata and sequential thought processes in pdp models, parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure, vol. 2: psychological and biological models","author":"D. E. Rumelhart","year":"1986"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192788","article-title":"How to grow a mind: Statistics, structure, and abstraction","volume":"331","author":"J. B. Tenenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.2.220","article-title":"A symbolic-connectionist theory of relational inference and generalization","volume":"110","author":"J. E. Hummel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref005","article-title":"Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networks","author":"P. W. Battaglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.01261"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1145\/3448250","article-title":"Deep learning for ai","volume":"64","author":"Y. Bengio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd8754","article-title":"Charles h. turner, pioneer in animal cognition","volume":"370","author":"H. S. G. Dona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","article-title":"Cognitive maps in rats and men","volume":"55","author":"E. C Tolman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/h0062474","article-title":"The formation of learning sets","volume":"56","author":"H. F Harlow","year":"1949","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/267694a0","article-title":"Are monkeys logical?","volume":"267","author":"B. O. McGonigle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref011","first-page":"197","article-title":"Categories and concepts in animals","author":"O. Lazareva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learning Theory and Behavior"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20131907","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1907","article-title":"Conceptual learning by miniature brains","volume":"280","author":"A. Avargues-Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref013","volume-title":"The hippocampus as a cognitive map","author":"J. O\u2019Keefe","year":"1978"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4653","article-title":"Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history","volume":"20","author":"E. I. Moser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1571.001.0001","volume-title":"Beyond the cognitive map: From place cells to episodic memory","author":"A. D. Redish","year":"1999"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.002","article-title":"What is a cognitive map? organizing knowledge for flexible behavior","volume":"100","author":"T. E. Behrens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref017","article-title":"Evolving schema representations in orbitofrontal ensembles during learning","author":"J. Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.01.014","article-title":"Toward the neural implementation of structure learning","volume":"37","author":"D. G. R. Tervo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802631105","article-title":"The discovery of structural form","volume":"105","author":"C. Kemp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805910105","article-title":"Induction as model selection","volume":"105","author":"K. J. Holyoak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00005.2017","article-title":"The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory","volume":"117","author":"H. Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.024","article-title":"The tolman-eichenbaum machine: Unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation","volume":"183","author":"J. C. Whittington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00157","article-title":"What representations and computations underpin the contribution of the hippocampus to generalization and inference?","volume":"6","author":"D. Kumaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135935","article-title":"Schemas and memory consolidation","volume":"316","author":"D. Tse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205274","article-title":"Schema-dependent gene activation and memory encoding in neocortex","volume":"333","author":"D. Tse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.05.004","article-title":"What learning systems do intelligent agents need? complementary learning systems theory updated","volume":"20","author":"D. Kumaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0147-8","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex as a meta-reinforcement learning system","volume":"21","author":"J. X. Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schema formation in a neural population subspace underlies learning-to-learn in flexible sensorimotor problem-solving","author":"V. Goudar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref029","volume-title":"From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection","author":"H. Eichenbaum","year":"2001"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.05.001","article-title":"Deconstructing episodic memory with construction","volume":"11","author":"D. Hassabis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27C1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163508","article-title":"The role of the hippocampus in prediction and imagination","volume":"61","author":"R. L. Buckner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annual review of psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref032","first-page":"173","article-title":"The hippocampus and imagining the future: where do we stand?","volume":"5","author":"D. R. Addis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.001","article-title":"The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain","volume":"76","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.30","article-title":"Vicarious trial and error","volume":"17","author":"A. D. Redish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4613","article-title":"Dorsal hippocampus contributes to model-based planning","volume":"20","author":"K. J. Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4650","article-title":"The hippocampus as a predictive map","volume":"20","author":"K. L. Stachenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1402_1","article-title":"Finding structure in time","volume":"14","author":"J. L. Elman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cognitive science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref038","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"T. Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref039","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","author":"T. B. Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref040","article-title":"Deep learning for symbolic mathematics","author":"G. Lample","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.01412"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref041","article-title":"The use of deep learning for symbolic integration: A review of (lample and charton, 2019)","author":"E. Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.05752"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref042","article-title":"From crawling to cognition: analyzing the dynamical interactions among populations of neurons","author":"K. L. Briggman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.02.002","article-title":"Towards the neural population doctrine","volume":"55","author":"S. Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-092619-094115","article-title":"Computation through neural population dynamics","volume":"43","author":"S. Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.10.010","article-title":"Neural population geometry: An approach for understanding biological and artificial neural networks","volume":"70","author":"S. Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of population structure in computations through neural dynamics","author":"A. Dubreuil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2010","article-title":"Framing spatial cognition: neural representations of proximal and distal frames of reference and their roles in navigation","volume":"91","author":"J. J. Knierim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiological reviews"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref048","article-title":"Emergence of grid-like representations by training recurrent neural networks to perform spatial localization","author":"C. J. Cueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv [q-bio.NC]"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101717","article-title":"Structure learning and the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"184","author":"C. Summerfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref050","unstructured":"Brown, T. B. et al. Language models are few-shot learners (2020)."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004523","article-title":"Implicit value updating explains transitive inference performance: The betasort model","volume":"11","author":"G. Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, G. Serial learning. (2017).","DOI":"10.1037\/0000012-018"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.04.001","article-title":"Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: A new hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"G. S. Halford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.08.005","article-title":"Relational knowledge: The foundation of higher cognition","volume":"14","author":"G. S. Halford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00878","article-title":"Discovering implied serial order through model-free and model-based learning","volume":"13","author":"G. Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s100710100092","article-title":"Transitive choices by a simple, fully connected, backpropagation neural network: implications for the comparative study of transitive inference","volume":"4","author":"C. De Lillo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.13.7109","article-title":"The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations","volume":"94","author":"J. A. Dusek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.04.010","article-title":"Capacity limits of information processing in the brain","volume":"9","author":"R. Marois","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789101-20","volume-title":"Cognitive aspects of stimulus control","author":"H. Davis","year":"2018"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref060","article-title":"Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume":"32","author":"A. Paszke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref061","unstructured":"URL https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.83bk3jb0v."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref062","article-title":"Neural knowledge assembly in humans and deep networks","author":"S. Nelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref063","article-title":"A mathematical theory of relational generalization in transitive inference","author":"S. Lippl","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05873-3","article-title":"Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex","volume":"9","author":"S. E. Cavanagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3862","article-title":"A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex","volume":"17","author":"J. D. Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.03.002","article-title":"Computing by robust transience: how the fronto-parietal network performs sequential, category-based decisions","volume":"93","author":"W. Chaisangmongkon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4042","article-title":"A neural network that finds a naturalistic solution for the production of muscle activity","volume":"18","author":"D. Sussillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref068","unstructured":"Cueva, C. J., Wang, P. Y., Chin, M. & Wei, X.-X. Emergence of functional and structural properties of the head direction system by optimization of recurrent neural networks (2020). 1912.10189."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref069","unstructured":"Kingma, D. P. & Ba, J. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization (2014). URL https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1412.6980."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"D. E. Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.04.008","article-title":"A hierarchy for relational reasoning in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"47","author":"D. Krawczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.01.005","article-title":"Orthogonal representations for robust context-dependent task performance in brains and neural networks","volume":"110","author":"T. Flesch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref073","article-title":"Parametric control of flexible timing through low-dimensional neural manifolds","author":"M. Beiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10989","article-title":"Demixed principal component analysis of neural population data","volume":"5","author":"D. Kobak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0085-16.2016","article-title":"The largest response component in the motor cortex reflects movement timing but not movement type","volume":"3","author":"M. T. Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"eneuro"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129","article-title":"Neural population dynamics during reaching","volume":"487","author":"M. M. Churchland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00409","article-title":"Opening the black box: low-dimensional dynamics in high-dimensional recurrent neural networks","volume":"25","author":"D. Sussillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00467.2018","article-title":"Considerations in using recurrent neural networks to probe neural dynamics","volume":"122","author":"J. C. Kao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12742","article-title":"Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex","volume":"503","author":"V. Mante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.005","article-title":"Artificial neural networks for neuroscientists: A primer","volume":"107","author":"G. R. Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y","article-title":"jspsych: A javascript library for creating behavioral experiments in a web browser","volume":"47","author":"J. R. De Leeuw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavior research methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref082","first-page":"189","article-title":"Monkeys are rational!","volume":"45","author":"B. McGonigle","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/232456a0","article-title":"Transitive inferences and memory in young children","volume":"232","author":"P. E. Bryant","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00878","article-title":"Discovering implied serial order through model-free and model-based learning","volume":"13","author":"G. Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120510","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0510","article-title":"Space in the brain: how the hippocampal formation supports spatial cognition","volume":"369","author":"T. Hartley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref086","unstructured":"Burt, C. et al. Experimental tests of higher mental processes and their relation to general intelligence (1911)."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref087","volume-title":"Une forme verbale de la comparaison chez l\u2019enfant: un cas de transition entre le jugement pr\u00e9dicatif et le jugement de relation","author":"J Piaget","year":"1921"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.02.017","article-title":"Transitive inference in non-human animals: An empirical and theoretical analysis","volume":"78","author":"M. Vasconcelos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref089","first-page":"223","article-title":"Does cognition differ across species, and how do we know? lessons from research in transitive inference","volume":"47","author":"R. P. Gazes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1685710","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex: role in acquisition of overlapping associations and transitive inference","volume":"17","author":"L. M. DeVito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref091","first-page":"689133","article-title":"Neuronal responses in posterior parietal cortex during learning of implied serial order","author":"F. Munoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1473-15.2016","article-title":"Neuronal modulation in the prefrontal cortex in a transitive inference task: evidence of neuronal correlates of mental schema management","volume":"36","author":"E. Brunamonti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107961","article-title":"Dorsal premotor cortex neurons signal the level of choice difficulty during logical decisions","volume":"32","author":"V. Mione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref094","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortices encode structural task representations following progressive and interleaved training schedules","author":"S. C. Berens","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terrace, H. The comparative psychology of ordinal knowledge. (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195392661.013.0032"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05511","article-title":"Fish can infer social rank by observation alone","volume":"445","author":"L. Grosenick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190015","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0015","article-title":"Transitive inference in polistes paper wasps","volume":"15","author":"E. A. Tibbetts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biology letters"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12124","article-title":"Transitive or not: a critical appraisal of transitive inference in animals","volume":"119","author":"D. Guez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0992-110","article-title":"Working memory and the mind","volume":"267","author":"P. S. Goldman-Rakic","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195178043.001.0001","volume-title":"From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory systems of the brain","author":"H. Eichenbaum","year":"2004"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301195110","article-title":"Evolution of working memory","volume":"110","author":"P. Carruthers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of working memory","volume":"66","author":"M. D\u2019Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref103","unstructured":"Robin, N. & Holyoak, K. J. Relational complexity and the functions of prefrontal cortex. (1995)."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holyoak, K. J. Analogy and relational reasoning. (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199734689.013.0013"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612460685","article-title":"Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate","volume":"8","author":"J. S. B. Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on psychological science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2007.06.006","article-title":"The role of awareness and working memory in human transitive inference","volume":"77","author":"M. Libben","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioural processes"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.12.1312","article-title":"Frontal and parietal lobe activation during transitive inference in humans","volume":"12","author":"B. D. Acuna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01263-w","article-title":"Asymmetric reinforcement learning facilitates human inference of transitive relations","volume":"6","author":"S. Ciranka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.01.008","article-title":"Neural circuits as computational dynamical systems","volume":"25","author":"D. Sussillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.06.003","article-title":"Recurrent neural networks as versatile tools of neuroscience research","volume":"46","author":"O. Barak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref111","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning","author":"C. M. Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref112","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"I. Goodfellow","year":"2016"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4244","article-title":"Using goal-driven deep learning models to understand sensory cortex","volume":"19","author":"D. L. Yamins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0392-5","article-title":"Evidence that recurrent circuits are critical to the ventral stream\u2019s execution of core object recognition behavior","volume":"22","author":"K. Kar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005087117","article-title":"A goal-driven modular neural network predicts parietofrontal neural dynamics during grasping","volume":"117","author":"J. A. Michaels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"399","author":"R. Romo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1058","article-title":"Flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making","volume":"4","author":"R. Romo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03452-z","article-title":"Mouse prefrontal cortex represents learned rules for categorization","volume":"593","author":"S. Reinert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.312","article-title":"Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"291","author":"D. J. Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/381607a0","article-title":"Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images","volume":"381","author":"B. A. Olshausen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref121","first-page":"13352","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"F. Schuessler","year":"2020"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-00395-8","article-title":"If deep learning is the answer, what is the question?","volume":"22","author":"A. Saxe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0314-y","article-title":"A diverse range of factors affect the nature of neural representations underlying short-term memory","volume":"22","author":"A. E. Orhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0520-2","article-title":"A deep learning framework for neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"B. A. Richards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref125","first-page":"25320","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"E. Turner","year":"2021"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(96)00048-4","article-title":"Pigeon transitive inference: Tests of simple accounts of a complex performance","volume":"39","author":"C. Wynne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref127","article-title":"Flexible multitask computation in recurrent networks utilizes shared dynamical motifs","author":"L. Driscoll","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42816","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42816","article-title":"Neural structure mapping in human probabilistic reward learning","volume":"8","author":"F. Luyckx","year":"2019","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref129","first-page":"464","article-title":"Transitive inference after minimal training in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta)","volume":"47","author":"G. Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01136-z","article-title":"Category learning in a transitive inference paradigm","volume":"49","author":"G. Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory & cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.019","article-title":"Hippocampal representation of related and opposing memories develop within distinct, hierarchically organized neural schemas","volume":"83","author":"S. McKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25433","article-title":"The honeycomb maze provides a novel test to study hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation","volume":"554","author":"R. A. Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610561104","article-title":"Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences","volume":"104","author":"D. Hassabis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref134","article-title":"The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language","volume":"669","author":"M. C. Duff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22208","article-title":"Hippocampal amnesia disrupts creative thinking","volume":"23","author":"M. C. Duff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190241537.003.0008","volume-title":"Time Is Not of the Essence: Understanding the Neural Correlates of Mental Time Travel","author":"F. De Brigard","year":"2016"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196418","article-title":"Relational learning with and without awareness: transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans","volume":"29","author":"A. J. Greene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045106","article-title":"The serial position effect of free recall","volume":"64","author":"B. B Murdock","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of experimental psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref139","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Memory and mind","author":"E. Tulving","year":"2007"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00006","article-title":"Primacy and recency effects as indices of the focus of attention","volume":"8","author":"A. B. Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref141","article-title":"Emergence of functional and structural properties of the head direction system by optimization of recurrent neural networks","author":"C. J. Cueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.10189"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00118","article-title":"A system for relational reasoning in human prefrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"J. A Waltz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5639-11.2012","article-title":"Unconscious relational inference recruits the hippocampus","volume":"32","author":"T. P. Reber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044131","article-title":"Memory: Organization and control","volume":"68","author":"H Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.12.005","article-title":"Concept formation as a computational cognitive process","volume":"38","author":"N. W. Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00070","article-title":"The hippocampus and inferential reasoning: building memories to navigate future decisions","volume":"6","author":"D. Zeithamova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1166-19.2019","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of concept learning","volume":"39","author":"D Zeithamova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21226","article-title":"Transitive inference: distinct contributions of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"C. Wendelken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20610","article-title":"The hippocampus contributes to memory expression during transitive inference in mice","volume":"20","author":"L. M. Devito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05470","article-title":"Categorization of behavioural sequences in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"445","author":"K. Shima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/35082081","article-title":"Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules","volume":"411","author":"J. D. Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031","article-title":"The geometry of abstraction in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"183","author":"S Bernardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.004","article-title":"Neural state space alignment for magnitude generalization in humans and recurrent networks","volume":"109","author":"H. Sheahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.011","article-title":"The code for facial identity in the primate brain","volume":"169","author":"L. Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.003","article-title":"Linking connectivity, dynamics, and computations in low-rank recurrent neural networks","volume":"99","author":"F. Mastrogiuseppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915984117","article-title":"Low-dimensional dynamics for working memory and time encoding","volume":"117","author":"C. J Cueva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00498-0","article-title":"Gradient-based learning drives robust representations in recurrent neural networks by balancing compression and expansion","volume":"4","author":"M. Farrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.035","article-title":"Neuronal computation underlying inferential reasoning in humans and mice","volume":"183","author":"H. C Barron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210336","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0336","article-title":"Imagination as a fundamental function of the hippocampus","volume":"377","author":"A. E. Comrie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.07.004","article-title":"Utility of the idling brain: Abstraction of new knowledge","volume":"178","author":"G. Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.028","article-title":"Replay and compositional computation","volume":"111","author":"Z Kurth-Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4831-7_94","volume-title":"Computational Neuroscience","author":"X. Wu","year":"1998"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/713752279","article-title":"Algebraic learning and neural network models for transitive and non-transitive responding","volume":"10","author":"M. S. J. D Delius","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10084","article-title":"Transitivity, flexibility, conjunctive representations, and the hippocampus. ii. a computational analysis","volume":"13","author":"M. J. Frank","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028681","article-title":"Generalization through the recurrent interaction of episodic memories","volume":"119","author":"D. Kumaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00512-4","article-title":"Simulating symbolic distance effects in the transitive inference problem","volume":"38","author":"X. Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.030","article-title":"Map making: constructing, combining, and inferring on abstract cognitive maps","volume":"107","author":"S. A. Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011954.ref168","unstructured":"Russin, J., Zolfaghar, M., Park, S. A., Boorman, E. & O\u2019Reilly, R. C. Complementary structure-learning neural networks for relational reasoning. In CogSci\u2026 Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (US). Conference, vol. 2021, 1560 (NIH Public Access, 2021)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T13:49:42Z","timestamp":1716558582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Drew","family":"Linsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011954","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.10.10.511448","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]}}}