{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:53:19Z","timestamp":1767178399699,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012141","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000}}],"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Community Jameel"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100027426","name":"Schmidt Futures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant [G-22-64476]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant [G-22-64476]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100027426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considerable spatial heterogeneity has been observed in COVID-19 transmission across administrative areas of England throughout the pandemic. This study investigates what drives these differences. We constructed a probabilistic case count model for 306 administrative areas of England across 95 weeks, fit using a Bayesian evidence synthesis framework. We incorporate the impact of acquired immunity, of spatial exportation of cases, and 16 spatially-varying socio-economic, socio-demographic, health, and mobility variables. Model comparison assesses the relative contributions of these respective mechanisms. We find that spatially-varying and time-varying differences in week-to-week transmission were definitively associated with differences in: time spent at home, variant-of-concern proportion, and adult social care funding. However, model comparison demonstrates that the impact of these terms is negligible compared to the role of spatial exportation between administrative areas. While these results confirm the impact of some, but not all, static measures of spatially-varying inequity in England, our work corroborates the finding that observed differences in disease transmission during the pandemic were predominantly driven by underlying epidemiological factors rather than aggregated metrics of demography and health inequity between areas. Further work is required to assess how health inequity more broadly contributes to these epidemiological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T14:34:55Z","timestamp":1716906895000},"page":"e1012141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of health inequity on spatial variation of COVID-19 transmission in England"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-4279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wes","family":"Hinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Sonabend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Cori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neil M","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100144","article-title":"Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes by region, neighbourhood deprivation level and place of death during the first 30 weeks of the pandemic in England and Wales: A retrospective registry study","volume":"7","author":"E Kontopantelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e966","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00223-7","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities","volume":"7","author":"VJ McGowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114413","article-title":"Area level deprivation and monthly COVID-19 cases: The impact of government policy in England.","volume":"289","author":"K Morrissey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref004","article-title":"Ethnicity, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and their associations with COVID-19 infection in England: a cohort analysis of UK Biobank data.","author":"A Prats-Uribe","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]."},{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821000534","article-title":"The spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 infection in England between January and June 2020","volume":"149","author":"R Elson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pcbi.1012141.ref006","article-title":"Covid-19 local alert levels: Three-tier system for England.","author":"E. 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