{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T03:33:19Z","timestamp":1772681599771,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research shows that semantics, activated by words, impacts object detection. Skocypec &amp; Peterson (2022) indexed object detection via correct reports of where figures lie in bipartite displays depicting familiar objects on one side of a border. They reported 2 studies with intermixed Valid and Invalid labels shown before test displays and a third, control, study. Valid labels denoted display objects. Invalid labels denoted unrelated objects in a different or the same superordinate-level category in studies 1 &amp; 2, respectively. We used drift diffusion modeling (DDM) to elucidate the mechanisms of their results. DDM revealed that, following Valid labels, drift rate toward the correct decision increased, i.e., SNR increased. Invalid labels do not affect drift rate directly, but they create a context that diminishes the facilitative effect of valid labels on evidence accumulation. Threshold was higher in study 2 than control, but not in study 1. That more evidence must be accumulated from displays that follow labels denoting objects in the same-superordinate category as the object in the display indicates that more evidence from the display is needed to resolve semantic uncertainty regarding which object is present. These results support the view that semantic networks are engaged in object detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1749650367000},"page":"e1012269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Semantic influences on object detection: Drift diffusion modeling provides insights regarding mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8501-9016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingming","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-7119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary A.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000109","article-title":"Content-specific expectations enhance stimulus detectability by increasing perceptual sensitivity","volume":"144","author":"T Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.02.003","article-title":"Semantic and subword priming during binocular suppression","volume":"18","author":"P Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/15.8.13","article-title":"Expectations accelerate entry of visual stimuli into awareness","volume":"15","author":"Y Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32483-2","article-title":"Words affect visual perception by activating object shape representations","volume":"8","author":"S Noorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.15.6.1055","article-title":"Seeing what we know and understand: how knowledge shapes perception","volume":"15","author":"R Abdel Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.02016.x","article-title":"Motion detection and motion verbs: language affects low-level visual perception","volume":"18","author":"L Meteyard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1086\/289162","article-title":"Observation Reconsidered","volume":"51","author":"J Fodor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Philos of Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref008","article-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Chapter 1).","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt","author":"Koffka.","year":"1935"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref009","article-title":"Microgenesis, Immediate Experience and Visual Processes in Reading","volume-title":"Seeing, Thinking and Knowing","author":"V Rosenthal","year":"2006"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1037\/11017-010","article-title":"Structure, totality of experience, and Gestalt","volume-title":"Psychologies of 1930","author":"F Sander","year":"1930"},{"issue":"25","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5111-14.2015","article-title":"Words Jump-Start Vision: A Label Advantage in Object Recognition","volume":"35","author":"B Boutonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25093-5","article-title":"Effects of meaningfulness on perception: Alpha-band oscillations carry perceptual expectations and influence early visual responses","volume":"8","author":"J Samaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.17.6.882","article-title":"Processing unrelated language can change what you see","volume":"17","author":"AT Dils","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00117","article-title":"Depth of conceptual knowledge modulates visual processes during word reading","volume":"24","author":"M Rabovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.8.6.757","article-title":"Words, pictures, and priming: on semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing","volume":"8","author":"TH Carr","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618782181","article-title":"Native Language Promotes Access to Visual Consciousness","volume":"29","author":"M Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01404","article-title":"Semantic Knowledge Enhances Conscious Awareness of Visual Objects","volume":"31","author":"PD Weller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"35","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14196","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303312110","article-title":"Language can boost otherwise unseen objects into visual awareness","volume":"110","author":"G Lupyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010019","article-title":"Semantic Expectation Effects on Object Detection: Using Figure Assignment to Elucidate Mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"RM Skocypec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00460","article-title":"Breaking continuous flash suppression: competing for consciousness on the pre-semantic battlefield","volume":"5","author":"S Gayet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415570732","article-title":"Words and the World","volume":"24","author":"G Lupyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2828-13.2014","article-title":"Object-specific semantic coding in human perirhinal cortex","volume":"34","author":"A Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.2.299","article-title":"Does orientation-independent object recognition precede orientation-dependent recognition? Evidence from a cuing paradigm","volume":"20","author":"BS Gibson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/026432900380463","article-title":"Effect of image orientation and size on object recognition: responses of single units in the macaque monkey temporal cortex","volume":"17","author":"E Ashbridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00015-8","article-title":"Evidence accumulation in cell populations responsive to faces: an account of generalisation of recognition without mental transformations","volume":"67","author":"DI Perrett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref026","first-page":"223","article-title":"Past experience and meaning affect object detection: A hierarchical Bayesian approach","volume-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation","author":"MA Peterson","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00622.x","article-title":"Must Figure-Ground Organization Precede Object Recognition? An Assumption in Peril","volume":"5","author":"MA Peterson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"46","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905306106","article-title":"Shape-specific preparatory activity mediates attention to targets in human visual cortex","volume":"106","author":"M Stokes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031403","article-title":"Faces and awareness: low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance","volume":"13","author":"KLH Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.07.005","article-title":"Accessing the meaning of invisible words","volume":"20","author":"Y-H Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x","article-title":"Processing of invisible stimuli: advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression","volume":"18","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224471","article-title":"Normative data for an expanded set of stimuli for testing high-level influences on object perception: OMEFA-II","volume":"15","author":"CS Flowers","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.977","article-title":"Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: a critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English","volume":"41","author":"M Brysbaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31873","article-title":"Integrative and distinctive coding of visual and conceptual object features in the ventral visual stream","volume":"7","author":"CB Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.4.700","article-title":"The physics of optimal decision making: a formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks","volume":"113","author":"R Bogacz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.2.59","article-title":"A theory of memory retrieval","volume":"85","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49547","article-title":"Ten simple rules for the computational modeling of behavioral data","volume":"8","author":"RC Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00468","article-title":"The Attentional Drift Diffusion Model of Simple Perceptual Decision-Making","volume":"11","author":"G Tavares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref039","article-title":"A Drift Diffusion Model of Proactive and Reactive Control in a Context-Dependent Two-Alternative Forced Choice Task","volume-title":"The Multi-disciplinary Conference on Reinforcement Learning and Decision Making","author":"O Lositsky","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2003.11.002","article-title":"A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on recognition memory","volume":"50","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82530-8","article-title":"The dynamics of explore-exploit decisions reveal a signal-to-noise mechanism for random exploration","volume":"11","author":"SF Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1199-y","article-title":"The drift diffusion model as the choice rule in reinforcement learning","volume":"24","author":"ML Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210903091643","article-title":"Do humans produce the speed-accuracy trade-off that maximizes reward rate?","volume":"63","author":"R Bogacz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"pcbi.1012269.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","article-title":"The neural basis of decision making","volume":"30","author":"JI Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2009.02.003","article-title":"Fast and accurate calculations for first-passage times in Wiener diffusion models","volume":"53","author":"DJ Navarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000411","article-title":"Simultaneous modeling of choice, confidence, and response time in visual perception","volume":"130","author":"S Hellmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3689","article-title":"Serial dependence in visual perception","volume":"17","author":"J Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.1.9","article-title":"Serial dependence in visual perception: A review","volume":"23","author":"D Pascucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748408402169","article-title":"Routes to Object Constancy: Implications from Neurological Impairments of Object Constancy","volume":"36","author":"GW Humphreys","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.17.4.1075","article-title":"Shape recognition contributions to figure-ground reversal: Which route counts?","volume":"17","author":"MA Peterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.01.007","article-title":"Diffusion Decision Model: Current Issues and History","volume":"20","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.020","article-title":"Dynamic integration of task-relevant visual features in posterior parietal cortex","volume":"83","author":"G Ibos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012269.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-023-01092-6","article-title":"Associative memory retrieval modulates upcoming perceptual decisions","volume":"23","author":"AM Bornstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T14:34:22Z","timestamp":1750862062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alex Leonidas","family":"Doumas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012269","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.06.24.600369","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}}}