{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:43:44Z","timestamp":1767181424059,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012308","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000}}],"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the problem of mass screening of heterogeneous populations under limited testing budget. Mass screening is an essential tool that arises in various settings, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of mass screening is to classify the entire population as positive or negative for a disease as efficiently and accurately as possible. Under limited budget, testing facilities need to allocate a portion of the budget to target sub-populations (i.e., proactive screening) while reserving the remaining budget to screen for symptomatic cases (i.e., reactive screening). This paper addresses this decision problem by taking advantage of accessible population-level risk information to identify the optimal set of sub-populations for proactive\/reactive screening. The framework also incorporates two widely used testing schemes: Individual and Dorfman group testing. By leveraging the special structure of the resulting bilinear optimization problem, we identify key structural properties, which in turn enable us to develop efficient solution schemes. Furthermore, we extend the model to accommodate customized testing schemes across different sub-populations and introduce a highly efficient heuristic solution algorithm for the generalized model. We conduct a comprehensive case study on COVID-19 in the US, utilizing geographically-based data. Numerical results demonstrate a significant improvement of up to 52% in total misclassifications compared to conventional screening strategies. In addition, our case study offers valuable managerial insights regarding the allocation of proactive\/reactive measures and budget across diverse geographic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1723642532000},"page":"e1012308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A proactive\/reactive mass screening approach with uncertain symptomatic cases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-4702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hrayer","family":"Aprahamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4609-2767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Golovko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref001","first-page":"184","article-title":"Cancer screening in the United States, 2019: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening","volume":"69","author":"RA Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.06.043","article-title":"Strategies for colorectal cancer screening","volume":"158","author":"U Ladabaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200172","article-title":"Novel approaches to screening for breast cancer","volume":"297","author":"RM Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"22","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1915826","article-title":"HIV infection\u2014screening, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"384","author":"MS Saag","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012308.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615110","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.615110","article-title":"Preliminary results of a screening programme for chlamydia in an asymptomatic young population in Spain","volume":"9","author":"O Yuguero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23487","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: A review","volume":"327","author":"S Tuddenham","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pcbi.1012308.ref007","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus and blood transfusion safety","volume":"148","author":"H Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15656","article-title":"Follow-up program for blood donors with unconfirmed screening results reveals a high false-positive rate in Dalian, China","volume":"60","author":"X Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1045","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011425","article-title":"Population-based prevalence of myotonic dystrophy type I using genetic analysis of statewide blood screening program","volume":"96","author":"NE Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa039","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa039","article-title":"Interrupting transmission of COVID-19: Lessons from containment efforts in Singapore","volume":"27","author":"VJ Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"issue":"10235","key":"pcbi.1012308.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31097-7","article-title":"New Zealand eliminates COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"S Cousins","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pcbi.1012308.ref012","unstructured":"Haseltine WA. 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