{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T16:39:36Z","timestamp":1776011976330,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012451","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-10-BLAN-1910 \u201cVisual Confidence\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-BLAN-1910 \u201cVisual Confidence\u201d"]}]},{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-18-CE28-0015 \u201cVICONTE\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE28-0015 \u201cVICONTE\u201d"]}]},{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Over the last decade, different approaches have been proposed to interpret confidence rating judgments obtained after perceptual decisions. One very popular approach is to compute meta-d\u2019 which is a global measure of the sensibility to discriminate the confidence rating distributions for correct and incorrect perceptual decisions. Here, we propose a generative model of confidence based on two main parameters, confidence noise and confidence boost, that we call\n                    <jats:italic>CNCB model<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Confidence noise impairs confidence judgements above and beyond how sensory noise affects perceptual sensitivity. The confidence boost parameter reflects whether confidence uses the same information that was used for perceptual decisions, or some new information. This CNCB model offers a principled way to estimate a confidence efficiency measure that is a theory-driven alternative to the popular M-ratio. We then describe two scenarios to estimate the confidence boost parameter, one where the experiment uses more than two confidence levels, the other where the experiment uses more than two stimulus strengths. We also extend the model to experiments using continuous confidence ratings and describe how the model can be fitted without binning these ratings. The continuous confidence model includes a non-linear mapping between objective and subjective confidence probabilities that can be estimated. Altogether, the CNCB model should help interpret confidence rating data at a deeper level. This manuscript is accompanied by a toolbox that will allow researchers to estimate all the parameters of the CNCB model in confidence ratings datasets. Some examples of re-analyses of previous datasets are provided in S1 File.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T14:02:25Z","timestamp":1745244145000},"page":"e1012451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The confidence-noise confidence-boost (CNCB) model of confidence rating data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-4607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pascal","family":"Mamassian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-5597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"de Gardelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1012451.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60053-5","article-title":"Metamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings","volume":"26","author":"TO, Narens L Nelson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012451.ref002","first-page":"73","article-title":"On small differences of sensation","volume":"3","author":"CS Peirce","year":"1885","journal-title":"Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012451.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001524","article-title":"How do humans give confidence? 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