{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:57:30Z","timestamp":1781272650109,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012459","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000}}],"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An often-overlooked aspect of biology is formed by the outliers of the protein length distribution, specifically those proteins with more than 5000 amino acids, which we refer to as huge proteins (HPs). By examining UniprotKB, we discovered more than 41 000 HPs throughout the tree of life, with the majority found in eukaryotes. Notably, the phyla with the highest propensity for HPs are Apicomplexa and Fornicata. Moreover, we observed that certain bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Elusimicrobiota<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Planctomycetota<\/jats:italic>, have a higher tendency for encoding HPs, even more than the average eukaryote. To investigate if these macro-polypeptides represent \u201creal\u201d proteins, we explored several indirect metrics. Additionally, orthology analyses reveals thousands of clusters of homologous sequences of HPs, revealing functional groups related to key cellular processes such as cytoskeleton organization and functioning as chaperones or as E3-ubiquitin ligases in eukaryotes. In the case of bacteria, the major clusters have functions related to non-ribosomomal peptide synthesis\/polyketide synthesis, followed by pathogen-host attachment or recognition surface proteins. Further exploration of the annotations for each HPs supported the previously identified functional groups. These findings underscore the need for further investigation of the cellular and ecological roles of these HPs and their potential impact on biology and biotechnology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T18:01:10Z","timestamp":1726509670000},"page":"e1012459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The neglected giants: Uncovering the prevalence and functional groups of huge proteins in proteomes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7987-8868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anibal S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-4753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damien P.","family":"Devos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012459.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-02973-2","article-title":"Protein length distribution is remarkably uniform across the tree of life","volume":"24","author":"Y Nevers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1012459.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.58","article-title":"Classification and function of small open reading frames","volume":"18","author":"JP Couso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012459.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00672-y","article-title":"Small proteins: overcoming size restrictions","volume":"20","author":"Z. 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