{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:17:09Z","timestamp":1778260629988,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012550","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000}}],"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Secretaria de Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e do Complexo Econ\u00f4mico-Industrial da Sa\u00fade (SECTICS), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","award":["444509\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["444509\/2023-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leprosy, or Hansen\u2019s disease, is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic> that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing neuropathy to varying degrees. It can result in physical disabilities and functional loss and is particularly prevalent amongst the most vulnerable populations in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The persistent stigma and social exclusion associated with leprosy complicate eradication efforts exacerbate the wider challenges faced by NTDs in sourcing the necessary resources and attention for control and elimination. The introduction of Multidrug Therapy (MDT) significantly lowers the global disease burden. Despite this breakthrough in the treatment of leprosy, over 200,000 new leprosy cases are reported annually across more than 120 countries, emphasizing the need for ongoing detection and management efforts. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform leprosy care by accelerating early detection, improving accurate diagnosis, and enabling predictive modeling to improve the quality for those affected. The potential of AI to provide information to assist healthcare professionals in interventions that reduce the risk of disability, and consequently stigma, particularly in endemic regions, presents a promising path to reducing the incidence of leprosy and improving integration social status of patients. This systematic literature review (SLR) examines the state of the art in research on the use of AI for leprosy care. From an initial 657 works from six scientific databases (ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Springer), only 30 relevant works were identified, after analysis of three independent reviewers. We have excluded works due duplication, couldn\u2019t be retrieved and quality assessment. Results show that current research is focused primarily on the identification of symptoms using image based classification using three main techniques, neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and support vector machines; a small number of studies focus on other thematic areas of leprosy care. A comprehensive systematic approach to research on the application of AI to leprosy care can make a meaningful contribution to a leprosy-free world and help deliver on the promise of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T20:01:54Z","timestamp":1750968114000},"page":"e1012550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the usage of artificial intelligence in leprosy care: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9739-7910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hilson Gomes Vilar","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisson","family":"da Silva Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayo H.","family":"de Carvalho Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleber Matos","family":"de Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle Christine","family":"Moura dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimas","family":"Cassimiro Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael A.","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9163-5583","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia Takako","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1012550.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24355-4_3","article-title":"A current perspective on leprosy (Hansen\u2019s Disease)","volume-title":"Vaccines for neglected pathogens: strategies, achievements and challenges","author":"K Borah Slater","year":"2023"},{"key":"pcbi.1012550.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05846-w","article-title":"Physical disabilities caused by leprosy in 100 million cohort in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"MN Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012550.ref003","first-page":"623","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae: a historical study on the origins of leprosy and its social stigma","volume":"29","author":"L Santacroce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1012550.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009700","article-title":"Estimating underreporting of leprosy in Brazil using a Bayesian approach","volume":"15","author":"GL de Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1012550.ref005","article-title":"Leprosy in children under 15 years of age in Brazil: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"MCA Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1012550.ref006","volume-title":"Leprosy in the Americas: key facts","author":"Organization PAH","year":"2024"},{"key":"pcbi.1012550.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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