{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:35:12Z","timestamp":1768721712662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Norovirus, primarily transmitted via fomite route, poses a significant threat to global public health and the economy. Airports, as critical transportation hubs connecting people from around the world, has high potential risk of norovirus transmission due to large number of public surfaces. A total of 21.3 hours of video episodes were recorded across nine functional areas at the airport, capturing 25,925 touches. A surface transmission model based on a Markov chain was developed. Using the beta-Poisson dose-response model, the infection risk of norovirus and the effectiveness of various interventions in different airports\u2019 areas were quantified. Without any preventive measures, restaurants at airports exhibited the highest risk of norovirus transmission, with an infection probability of 8.8\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>% (95% CI, 1.5\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>% -2.1\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>%). This means approximately 4.6 (95% CI, 0.8\u201310.9) out of 51,494 passengers who entered the restaurants would be infected by an infected passenger. Comparing with no surface disinfection, disinfecting public surfaces every 2 hours can reduce the risk of norovirus infection per visit to the airport by 83.2%. In contrast, comparing with no hand washing, handwashing every 2 hours can reduce the infection risk per visit to the airport by only 2.0%, making public surface disinfection significantly more effective than handwashing. If the mask-wearing rate increases from 0% to 50%, the infection risk of norovirus would be decreased by 48.0% (95% CI, 43.5\u201352.3%). Furthermore, using antimicrobial copper\/copper-nickel alloy coatings for most public surfaces could reduce the infection risk by 15.9%-99.2%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1733422976000},"page":"e1012561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Public surface disinfection every 2 hours can reduce the infection risk of norovirus in airports up to 83%"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-4334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco-Felipe","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4428-8396","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142927","article-title":"Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food","volume":"10","author":"SM Pires","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999","article-title":"The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: prospects for prevention and control","volume":"13","author":"BA Lopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151219","article-title":"Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"SM Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vez048","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez048","article-title":"Emergence of norovirus strains: A tale of two genes","volume":"5","author":"GI Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Evolution"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1012561.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130472","article-title":"Duration of immunity to norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"19","author":"K Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12674","article-title":"Infection control for norovirus","volume":"20","author":"L Barclay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1086\/594119","article-title":"Preventing norovirus transmission: how should we handle food handlers","volume":"48","author":"CL Moe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810003146","article-title":"Waterborne norovirus outbreak in a municipal drinking-water supply in Sweden","volume":"139","author":"M Riera-Montes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180267","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0267","article-title":"Transmission routes of rare seasonal diseases: the case of norovirus infections","volume":"374","author":"SP Rushton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080117","article-title":"Graham, DY. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection","volume":"14","author":"RL Atmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237","article-title":"Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?","volume":"80","author":"PFM Teunis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05806-11","article-title":"Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water","volume":"77","author":"SR Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis250","article-title":"A point-source norovirus outbreak caused by exposure to fomites","volume":"205","author":"KK Repp","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir465","article-title":"Recurring norovirus transmission on an airplane","volume":"53","author":"CN Thornley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840509354383","article-title":"Occurrence of bacteria and viruses on elementary classroom surfaces and the potential role of classroom hygiene in the spread of infectious diseases","volume":"26","author":"KR Bright","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of School Nursing"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref016","first-page":"1","author":"A Majka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cooperation in aviation beyond Europe\u2019s Borders"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3150-5","article-title":"Deposition of respiratory virus pathogens on frequently touched surfaces at airports","volume":"18","author":"N Ikonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref018","first-page":"e12938","article-title":"Modeling fomite-mediated SARS-CoV-2 exposure through personal protective equipment doffing in a hospital environment","volume":"32","author":"MF King","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor air"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"No. 107578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107578","article-title":"Real human surface touch behavior based quantitative analysis on infection spread via fomite route in an office","volume":"191","author":"N Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1012561.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181558","article-title":"Role of fomites in SARS transmission during the largest hospital outbreak in Hong Kong","volume":"12","author":"S Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens","volume":"18","author":"ANM Kraay","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06222-4","article-title":"Modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and evidence for preventive behavioral interventions","volume":"21","author":"L Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118910030","volume-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment","author":"CN Haas","year":"2014"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.08.006","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment of human norovirus infection in environmental service workers due to healthcare-associated fomites","volume":"117","author":"KN Overbey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13102582","article-title":"Fomite Transmission in Airports Based on Real Human Touch Behaviors","volume":"13","author":"L Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref026","unstructured":"Trip.com. Flights. https:\/\/flights.ctrip.com\/online\/channel\/domestic (accessed on 12 April 2022)"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02051-06","article-title":"Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease","volume":"73","author":"SA Boone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01215","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01215-21","article-title":"Transfer rate of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses between fingerpads and surfaces","volume":"87","author":"CE Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.05.047","article-title":"Interventions for surface transmission of infectious virus based on real human touch behavior\u2013a case study of Norovirus","volume":"122","author":"T Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01734.x","article-title":"Comparative surface to hand and finger to mouth transfer efficiency of gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and phage","volume":"93","author":"P Rusin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0875-1","article-title":"Resolution of diarrhea in an immunocompromised patient with chronic norovirus gastroenteritis correlates with constitution of specific antibody blockade titer","volume":"44","author":"BM Knoll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30134-X","article-title":"Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"S Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016924","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16924","article-title":"Comparison of face-touching behaviors before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"YJ Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67521-5","article-title":"Most self-touches are with the nondominant hand","volume":"10","author":"N Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2018.06.002","article-title":"Farm to fork quantitative microbial risk assessment for norovirus on frozen strawberries","volume":"10","author":"RC Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Risk Analysis"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0220","article-title":"Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: a field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"82","author":"AJ Pickering","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.021","article-title":"Efficacy of common disinfectant\/cleaning agents in inactivating murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogate viruses for human norovirus","volume":"43","author":"S Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.09.010","article-title":"Comparison of estimated norovirus infection risk reductions for a single fomite contact scenario with residual and nonresidual hand sanitizers","volume":"48","author":"AM Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03280-14","article-title":"Inactivation of murine norovirus on a range of copper alloy surfaces is accompanied by loss of capsid integrity","volume":"81","author":"SL Warnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.07.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers","volume":"35","author":"SF Bloomfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310750111","article-title":"House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection","volume":"111","author":"KE Fujimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0794","article-title":"Transmission of viruses via contact in a household setting: experiments using bacteriophage \u03c6X174 as a model virus","volume":"46","author":"FV Rheinbaben","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04235-13","article-title":"Evaluation of a disinfectant wipe intervention on fomite-to-finger microbial transfer","volume":"80","author":"GU Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-7","article-title":"Bacterial communities on classroom surfaces vary with human contact","volume":"2","author":"JF Meadow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref045","volume-title":"Transfer of microorganisms from fomites to hands and risk assessment of contaminated and disinfected surfaces","author":"GU Lopez","year":"2013"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.04.021","article-title":"Quantitative exposure model for the transmission of norovirus in retail food preparation","volume":"133","author":"A Mokhtari","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref047","first-page":"2052","article-title":"The role of the healthcare surface environment in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and potential control measures","volume":"72","author":"K Hajime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1012561.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.11.2761","article-title":"Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: a comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus","volume":"69","author":"JL Cannon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of food protection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109325","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of ethanol, peracetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds against murine norovirus using carrier and suspension tests","volume":"143","author":"A Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012561.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.05.030","article-title":"Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"N Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-423","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of compliance with mitigation strategies and frequency of restaurant surface cleaning and sanitizing on control of norovirus transmission from ill food employees using an existing quantitative risk assessment model","volume":"85","author":"W Fanaselle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1093-1098.2005","article-title":"Multiprefectural spread of gastroenteritis outbreaks attributable to a single genogroup II norovirus strain from a tourist restaurant in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"43","author":"Y Hirakata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref053","first-page":"150","article-title":"Occurrence of two Norovirus outbreaks in the same cafeteria in one week","volume":"42","author":"M Monini","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbiologica"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201024666230221110313","article-title":"The Global Burden of Viral Food-borne Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"M Hashemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46756\/sci.fsa.squ824","volume-title":"Foodborne disease estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018","author":"D Holland","year":"2020"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.08.029","article-title":"Probable close contact transmission in a restaurant in China","volume":"85","author":"N Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref057","first-page":"58","article-title":"Exploring the Novel Norovirus: A Comprehensive Study and Overview","volume":"2","author":"N Varshini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmacy & Drugs Studies"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1086\/655016","article-title":"A quantitative approach to defining \u201chigh-touch\u201d surfaces in hospitals","volume":"31","author":"K Huslage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(07)60016-4","article-title":"Importance of environmental decontamination\u2013a critical view","volume":"65","author":"M Dettenkofer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring surface cleaning strategies in hospital to prevent contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"17","author":"H Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00125-18","article-title":"The use of copper as an antimicrobial agent in health care, including obstetrics and gynecology","volume":"32","author":"LP Arendsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"N Van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England journal of medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2020.08.007","article-title":"Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) inactivation capability of copper-coated touch surface fabricated by cold-spray technology","volume":"25","author":"N Hutasoit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manufacturing letters"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010352","article-title":"Examining the impact of ICU population interaction structure on modeled colonization dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"MS Mietchen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-021-01161-7","article-title":"Thermal spray copper alloy coatings as potent biocidal and virucidal surfaces","volume":"30","author":"J Mostaghimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13091313","article-title":"Graphene-Based TiO2 Cement Composites to Enhance the Antibacterial Effect of Self-Disinfecting Surfaces","volume":"13","author":"AH Hamdany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-023-03478-z","article-title":"Surface modification and antibacterial activity enhancement of acrylic fabric by coating silver\/graphene oxide nanocomposite","volume":"30","author":"QTT Huong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Polymer Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1435","article-title":"Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis","volume":"369","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.009","article-title":"Face touching in the time of COVID-19 in Shiraz, Iran","volume":"48","author":"R Shiraly","year":"2020","journal-title":"American journal of infection control"},{"key":"pcbi.1012561.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009177","article-title":"COVID-19 modeling and non-pharmaceutical interventions in an outpatient dialysis unit","volume":"17","author":"H Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T18:23:17Z","timestamp":1733422997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012561"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eric H. Y.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}