{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:28:07Z","timestamp":1785770887536,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS08\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS08\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT11\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT11\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The \u201csimilarity of dissimilarities\u201d is an emerging paradigm in biomedical science with significant implications for protein function prediction, machine learning (ML), and personalized medicine. In protein function prediction, recognizing dissimilarities alongside similarities provides a more detailed understanding of evolutionary processes, allowing for a deeper exploration of regions that influence biological functionality. For ML models, incorporating dissimilarity measures helps avoid misleading results caused by highly correlated or similar data, addressing confounding issues like the Doppelg\u00e4nger Effect. This leads to more accurate insights and a stronger understanding of complex biological systems. In the realm of personalized AI and precision medicine, the importance of dissimilarities is paramount. Personalized AI builds local models for each sample by identifying a network of neighboring samples. However, if the neighboring samples are too similar, it becomes difficult to identify factors critical to disease onset for the individual, limiting the effectiveness of personalized interventions or treatments. This paper discusses the \u201csimilarity of dissimilarities\u201d concept, using protein function prediction, ML, and personalized AI as key examples. Integrating this approach into an analysis allows for the design of better, more meaningful experiments and the development of smarter validation methods, ensuring that the models learn in a meaningful way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1737742981000},"page":"e1012716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploiting the similarity of dissimilarities for biomedical applications and enhanced machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3616-896X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Neamul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-9354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson Wen Bin","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012716.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"pcbi.1012716.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr367","article-title":"HMMER web server: interactive sequence similarity searching","volume":"39","author":"RD Finn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1012716.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti125","article-title":"Protein homology detection by HMM\u2013HMM comparison","volume":"21","author":"J. 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