{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:24:27Z","timestamp":1772173467060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD110170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD110170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012851","name":"Thomas Harriot College of Arts and Sciences, East Carolina University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Laboratory Startup Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Laboratory Startup Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019661","name":"Division of Research, Economic Development and Engagement, East Carolina University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Laboratory Startup Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Laboratory Startup Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000194","name":"U.S. Department of State","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fulbright Scholar-In-Residence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fulbright Scholar-In-Residence Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During fertilization, mammalian sperm undergo a winnowing selection process that reduces the candidate pool of potential fertilizers from ~10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    -10\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells to 10\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    -10\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells (depending on the species). Classical sperm competition theory addresses the positive or \u2018stabilizing\u2019 selection acting on sperm phenotypes within populations of organisms but does not strictly address the developmental consequences of sperm traits among individual organisms that are under purifying selection during fertilization. It is the latter that is of utmost concern for improving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) because low-fitness sperm may be inadvertently used for fertilization during interventions that rely heavily on artificial sperm selection, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Importantly, some form of sperm selection is used in nearly all forms of ART (e.g., differential centrifugation, swim-up, or hyaluronan binding assays, etc.). To date, there is no unifying quantitative framework (i.e., theory of sperm selection) that synthesizes causal mechanisms of selection with observed natural variation in individual sperm traits. In this report, we reframe the physiological function of sperm as a collective diffusive search process and develop multi-scale computational models to explore the causal dynamics that constrain sperm fitness during fertilization. Several experimentally useful concepts are developed, including a probabilistic measure of sperm fitness as well as an information theoretic measure of the magnitude of sperm selection, each of which are assessed under systematic increases in microenvironmental selective pressure acting on sperm motility patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1744896643000},"page":"e1012865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modeling diffusive search by non-adaptive sperm: Empirical and computational insights"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Brisard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kylie D.","family":"Cashwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephanie 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