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They have been pivotal in exploring properties such as cell packing geometry and rigidity transitions. Recently, extended vertex models have become instrumental in bridging the subcellular scales to the tissue scale. Here, we review extensions of the model aiming to capture experimentally observed subcellular features of epithelial tissues including heterogeneity in myosin activity across the tissue, non-uniform contractility structures, and mechanosensitive feedback loops. We discuss how these extensions change and challenge current perspectives on observables of macroscopic tissue properties. First, we find that extensions to the vertex model can change model properties significantly, impacting the critical threshold and in some cases even the existence of a rigidity transition. Second, we find that packing disorder can be explained by models employing different subcellular mechanisms, indicating a source of stochasticity and gradual local size changes as common mesoscopic motifs in the mechanics of tissue organization. We address complementary models and statistical inference, putting vertex models in a broader methodological context and we give a brief overview of software packages utilized in increasingly complex vertex model studies. Our review emphasizes the need for more comparative, systematic studies that identify specific classes of vertex models which share a set of well-defined properties, as well as a more in-depth discussion of modeling choices and their biological motivations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T20:44:39Z","timestamp":1747860279000},"page":"e1012993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vertex models capturing subcellular scales in epithelial tissues"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-7066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Matth\u00e4us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8114-4510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1012993.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2523","article-title":"From cells to organs: building polarized tissue","volume":"9","author":"DM Bryant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Molecul Cell Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1012993.ref002","article-title":"Integrins regulate epithelial cell shape by controlling the architecture and mechanical properties of basal actomyosin networks","volume":"16","author":"C Mateos","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012993.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200140","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.200140","article-title":"ECM-integrin signalling instructs cellular position sensing to pattern the early mouse embryo","volume":"149","author":"EJY Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"pcbi.1012993.ref004","article-title":"Form and function of the apical extracellular matrix: new insights from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and the vertebrate inner ear. 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