{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:34:42Z","timestamp":1773156882908,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X020258\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X020258\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-078496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-078496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/P012345\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/P012345\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P01111X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P01111X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entomological surveillance is an important component of mosquito-borne disease control. Mosquito abundance, infection prevalence and the entomological inoculation rate are the most widely reported entomological metrics, although these data are notoriously noisy and difficult to interpret. For many infections, only older mosquitoes are infectious, which is why, in part, vector control tools that reduce mosquito life expectancy have been so successful. The age structure of wild mosquitoes has been proposed as a metric to assess the effectiveness of interventions that kill adult mosquitoes, and age grading tools are becoming increasingly advanced. Mosquito populations show seasonal dynamics with temporal fluctuations. How seasonal changes in adult mosquito emergence and vector control could affect the mosquito age distribution or other important metrics is unclear. We develop stochastic mathematical models of mosquito population dynamics to show how variability in mosquito emergence causes substantial heterogeneity in the mosquito age distribution, with low frequency, positively autocorrelated changes in emergence being the most important driver of this variability. Fitting a population model to mosquito abundance data collected in experimental hut trials indicates these dynamics are likely to exist in wild <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> populations. Incorporating age structuring into an established compartmental model of mosquito dynamics and vector control, indicates that the use of mosquito age as a metric to assess the efficacy of vector-control tools will require an understanding of underlying variability in mosquito ages, with the mean age and other entomological metrics affected by short-term and seasonal fluctuations in mosquito emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T18:02:17Z","timestamp":1755540137000},"page":"e1013035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modelling the effects of adult emergence on the surveillance and age distribution of medically important mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-5004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac J.","family":"Stopard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-7992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ellie","family":"Sherrard-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Ranson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-5903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kobi\u00e9 Hyacinthe","family":"Toe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8442-0525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Churcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X","article-title":"Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics","volume":"84","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6954","article-title":"A systematic review to understand the value of entomological endpoints for assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions","volume":"18","author":"N Van Hul","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFS3"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-143","article-title":"Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"J Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"111","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150478","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0478","article-title":"Estimating malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in a noisy landscape","volume":"12","author":"RC Reiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47265-w","article-title":"Estimating the effects of temperature on transmission of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"15","author":"E Suh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050972","article-title":"The incubation periods of Dengue viruses","volume":"7","author":"M Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref007","first-page":"613","article-title":"Epidemiological basis of malaria control","volume":"15","author":"G Macdonald","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-13","article-title":"Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"DL Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref009","article-title":"Aging field collected Aedes aegypti to determine their capacity for dengue transmission in the southwestern United States","volume":"7","author":"TK Joy","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7572","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00740.x","article-title":"Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"TE Erlanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.011","article-title":"Mosquito age grading and vector-control programmes","volume":"36","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detinova TS, Bertram DS, Organization WH. Age-grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance, with special reference to some vectors of malaria. World Health Organization; 1962.","DOI":"10.2307\/3275215"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.535","article-title":"A simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control","volume":"62","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref015","first-page":"371","article-title":"Determination of the age of some anopheline mosquitos by daily growth layers of skeletal apodemes","volume":"49","author":"Y Schlein","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28980-8","article-title":"Rapid age-grading and species identification of natural mosquitoes for malaria surveillance","volume":"13","author":"DJ Siria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad067","article-title":"Accurate age-grading of field-aged mosquitoes reared under ambient conditions using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks","volume":"60","author":"Z Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref018","first-page":"735","article-title":"Influence of deltamethrin treatment of bed nets on malaria transmission in the Kou valley, Burkina Faso","volume":"69","author":"V Robert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020368","article-title":"The risk of a mosquito-borne infection in a heterogeneous environment","volume":"2","author":"DL Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05244-4","article-title":"Association between densities of adult and immature stages of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in space and time: implications for vector surveillance","volume":"15","author":"MCP Parra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.11.007","article-title":"The effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis in a Kenyan village","volume":"90","author":"CJM Koenraadt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.247","article-title":"High annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal","volume":"56","author":"D Fontenille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5530","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062226","article-title":"Noisy clockwork: time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals","volume":"293","author":"ON Bj\u00f8rnstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lande R, Engen S, Saether BE. Stochastic population dynamics in ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press on Demand; 2003.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198525257.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.11.018","article-title":"Demography in an increasingly variable world","volume":"21","author":"MS Boyce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1384","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0130","article-title":"Population dynamics and the colour of environmental noise","volume":"264","author":"V Kaitala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref027","first-page":"1033","article-title":"The long-term temporal variability and spectral colour of animal populations","volume":"4","author":"P Inchausti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.04.009","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary dynamics under coloured environmental variation","volume":"24","author":"L Ruokolainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1445","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1066","article-title":"Environmental colour affects aspects of single-species population dynamics","volume":"267","author":"OL Petchey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1972","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref030","first-page":"20220089","article-title":"A novel statistical framework for exploring the population dynamics and seasonality of mosquito populations","volume":"289","author":"C Whittaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-271","article-title":"Modeling the role of environmental variables on the population dynamics of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto","volume":"11","author":"PE Parham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.29","article-title":"Spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands","volume":"77","author":"G Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.833","article-title":"The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya","volume":"39","author":"N Minakawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0156","article-title":"Land use and land cover changes and spatiotemporal dynamics of anopheline larval habitats during a four-year period in a highland community of Africa","volume":"81","author":"S Munga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12316","article-title":"Do bednets including piperonyl butoxide offer additional protection against populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. that are highly resistant to pyrethroids? An experimental hut evaluation in Burkina Fasov","volume":"32","author":"KH Toe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-153","article-title":"Modelling the impact of vector control interventions on Anopheles gambiae population dynamics","volume":"4","author":"MT White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000324","article-title":"Reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: a model-based evaluation of intervention strategies","volume":"7","author":"JT Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21775-3","article-title":"Predicting the public health impact of a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine","volume":"12","author":"JD Challenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300056339","article-title":"A study of the age-composition of populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in North-Eastern Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100115","article-title":"Assessing the variability in experimental hut trials evaluating insecticide-treated nets against malaria vectors","volume":"3","author":"JD Challenger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114301","article-title":"The temporal spectrum of adult mosquito population fluctuations: conceptual and modeling implications","volume":"9","author":"Y Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2012.11.013","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of mosquito dispersal in a heterogeneous environment","volume":"241","author":"AM Lutambi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2441-z","article-title":"The portfolio effect cushions mosquito populations and malaria transmission against vector control interventions","volume":"17","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-228","article-title":"Anopheles mortality is both age- and Plasmodium-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission","volume":"8","author":"EJ Dawes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00094.1","article-title":"Malaria control and senescence: the importance of accounting for the pace and shape of aging in wild mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"SJ Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.30.494059","volume-title":"A meta-analysis of longevity estimates of mosquito vectors of disease","author":"B Lambert","year":"2022"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref047","unstructured":"Bayoh MN. Studies on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto at various temperatures and relative humidities. 2001."},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04189-4","article-title":"Using Bayesian state-space models to understand the population dynamics of the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"HS Ngowo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2310-6","article-title":"The use of sequential mark-release-recapture experiments to estimate population size, survival and dispersal of male mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Bana, a west African humid savannah village","volume":"10","author":"PS Epopa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-72","article-title":"Thermal behaviour of Anopheles stephensi in response to infection with malaria and fungal entomopathogens","volume":"8","author":"S Blanford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-183","article-title":"The influence of mosquito resting behaviour and associated microclimate for malaria risk","volume":"10","author":"KP Paaijmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12928.1","article-title":"Variations in household microclimate affect outdoor-biting behaviour of malaria vectors","volume":"2","author":"HS Ngowo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3108-0","article-title":"Preferred resting surfaces of dominant malaria vectors inside different house types in rural south-eastern Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"BJ Msugupakulya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-283x.2002.00335.x","article-title":"A simple method for calculating mosquito mortality rates, correcting for seasonal variations in recruitment","volume":"16","author":"OJT Bri\u00ebt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"66","key":"pcbi.1013035.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03539","article-title":"individual: an R package for individual-based epidemiological models","volume":"6","author":"G Charles","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref056","unstructured":"Therneau TM. A Package for Survival Analysis in R. 2024."},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01","article-title":"Stan: a probabilistic programming language","volume":"76","author":"B Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pcbi.1013035.ref058","unstructured":"FitzJohn R, Hill A, Lees J. Odin.dust: compile odin to dust. 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/mrc-ide\/odin.dust"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T18:01:25Z","timestamp":1755885685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Pepin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}}}