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The concurrent combination of TMS and electroencephalography (EEG) enables researchers to track the TMS-evoked activity, defined here as scalp-recorded electrical signals reflecting the brain\u2019s response to TMS, with millisecond-level temporal resolution. Based on this technique, we proposed a quantitative framework which combined sparse non-negative matrix factorization and stage-dependent effective connectivity methods to infer the causal pathways in TMS-evoked brain responses. We found that single-pulse TMS firstly induces local activity in the directly stimulated regions (left primary motor cortex, M1), and then propagates to the contralateral hemisphere and other brain regions. Finally, it propagates back from the contralateral region (right M1) to the stimulation region (left M1). 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