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Their ability to replicate, compete against each other, and eradicate target cell populations is usually understood through a number of \u2018life history parameters\u2019, traditionally measured by population-level assays, which implicitly average the parameter\u2019s value across a large number of infection events. Recent experiments suggest that bacteriophage life history parameters are subject to considerable stochasticity, raising the question of whether experimental and modelling efforts that do not account for this variability may overlook important factors in phage\u2019s behaviour, competitive fitness or therapeutic viability. Here, using agent-based simulations, we investigate the importance of stochasticity in lysis time and burst size of lytic bacteriophages in two common laboratory competition experiments: serial passage of well-mixed populations and plaque expansion across a bacterial lawn. We find that a phage\u2019s analytic growth rate in isolation can be a poor predictor of its fitness advantage in simulated competition experiments. Specifically, when lysis times are tightly distributed, we identify a novel effect we name \u201cpopulation resonance\u201d,\u00a0through which a bacteriophage can display a significant fitness advantage over a competitor with a much greater growth rate in isolation. Our simulations also show that both serial passage and plaque expansion reward variability in lysis time more than expected, by increasing the phage resilience when resources are scarce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:36:00Z","timestamp":1773682560000},"page":"e1013340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Live and let die: Lysis time variability and resource limitation shape lytic bacteriophage fitness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0602-396X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-2896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-2546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Somenath","family":"Bakshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-7160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","article-title":"Interactions between bacterial and phage communities in natural environments","volume":"20","author":"A Chevallereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013340.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0133-z","article-title":"Phage therapy\u2019s latest makeover","volume":"37","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013340.ref003","unstructured":"Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 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