{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:59:17Z","timestamp":1780599557245,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013462","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"hessian.AI","award":["W911NF-23-1-0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0129"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHY-2210452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHY-2210452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"\n Proper regulation of cell signaling and gene expression is crucial for maintaining cellular function, development, and adaptation to environmental changes. Reaction dynamics in cell populations is often noisy because of (i) inherent stochasticity of intracellular biochemical reactions (\u201cintrinsic noise\u201d) and (ii) heterogeneity of cellular states across different cells that are influenced by external factors (\u201cextrinsic noise\u201d). In this work, we introduce an extrinsic-noise-driven neural stochastic differential equation (END-nSDE) framework that utilizes the Wasserstein distance to accurately reconstruct SDEs from stochastic trajectories measured across a heterogeneous population of cells (extrinsic noise). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using both simulated and experimental data from three different systems in cell biology: (i) circadian rhythms, (ii) RPA-DNA binding dynamics, and (iii) NF\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03ba<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n B signaling processes. Our END-nSDE reconstruction method can model how cellular heterogeneity (extrinsic noise) modulates reaction dynamics in the presence of intrinsic noise. It also outperforms existing time-series analysis methods such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and long short-term memory networks (LSTMs). By inferring cellular heterogeneities from data, our END-nSDE reconstruction method can reproduce noisy dynamics observed in experiments. In summary, the reconstruction method we propose offers a useful surrogate modeling approach for complex biophysical processes, where high-fidelity mechanistic models may be impractical.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:47:01Z","timestamp":1758131221000},"page":"e1013462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reconstructing noisy gene regulation dynamics using extrinsic-noise-driven neural stochastic differential 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