{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:25:22Z","timestamp":1772173522428,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013471","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000}}],"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01NS120289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS120289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research into the mechanisms underlying neuromodulation by tES using in-vivo animal models is key to overcoming experimental limitations in humans and essential to building a detailed understanding of the in-vivo consequences of tES. Insights from such animal models are needed to develop targeted and effective therapeutic applications of non-invasive brain stimulation in humans. The sheer difference in scale and geometry between animal models and the human brain contributes to the complexity of designing and interpreting animal studies. Here, we introduce EFMouse, a toolbox that extends previous approaches to model intracranial electric fields and generate predictions that can be tested with in-vivo recordings in mice. Novel functionality includes the ability to capture typical surgical approaches in the mouse (e.g., cranial recording windows), the placement of stimulation electrodes anywhere in or on the animal, and novel ways to report field predictions, including some refined measures of focality and direction homogeneity, and quantification based on regions defined in the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. Although the EFMouse toolbox is generally applicable to planning and designing tES studies in mice, we illustrate its use by posing questions about transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) experiments with the goal of targeting the left visual cortex of the mouse. The EFMouse toolbox is publicly available at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/klabhub\/EFMouse\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/github.com\/klabhub\/EFMouse<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:45:14Z","timestamp":1757439914000},"page":"e1013471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EFMouse: A toolbox to model stimulation-induced electric fields in the mouse brain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-6371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruben","family":"Sanchez-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Akyuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Krekelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1013471.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31236","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31236","article-title":"Spatiotemporal structure of intracranial electric fields induced by transcranial electric stimulation in humans and nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"A Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1013471.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.027","article-title":"On the importance of precise electrode placement for targeted transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"181","author":"A Opitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1013471.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","article-title":"Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013471.ref004","article-title":"Electrical fields induced inside the rat brain with skin, skull, and dural placements of the current injection electrode","volume":"14","author":"AS Asan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1013471.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen L, Majdi A, Asamoah B, Laughlin MM. Neural Mechanisms of tDCS: Insights from an In-Vivo Rodent Model with Realistic Electric Field Strengths. bioRxiv; 2024. p. 2024.12.20.629687. 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