{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:57:25Z","timestamp":1763665045292,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence nationale pour la recherche","award":["ANR-21-CE13-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-CE13-0039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant cells control their volume by regulating the osmotic potential of their cytoplasm and vacuole. Water is attracted into the cell as the result of a cascade of solute exchanges between the cell subcompartments and the cell surroundings, which are governed by chemical, electrostatic and mechanical forces. Due to this multi-physics aspect and to couplings between volume changes and chemical effects, modeling these exchanges remains a challenge that has only been partially addressed. As interest for multi-compartment models grows in the plant cell community, this challenge calls for new modeling strategies. In this paper, we introduce an energy-based approach to couple chemical, electrical and mechanical processes taking place between several subcompartments of a plant cell. The contributions of all physical effects are gathered in an energy function, which allows us to derive the equations satisfied by each variable in a systematic way. We illustrate the properties of this modular, unified approach on the modeling of ion and water transport in a guard cell during stoma opening. We represent the stoma opening process as a quasi-static evolution driven by hydrogen pumps in the plasma and vacuolar membranes, and we show that the new formalism explains why the system varies in a particular direction in response to perturbations. Additional numerical simulations allow us to investigate the role of each hydrogen pump in this process. Altogether, we show that this energy-based approach highlights a hierarchy between the forces involved in the system, and to dissect the role of each physical effect in the complex behavior of the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:42:41Z","timestamp":1763664161000},"page":"e1013474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-physics modeling for ion homeostasis in multi-compartment plant cells using an energy function"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5962-9147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Mestdagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"De Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Godin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1013474.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042811-105608","article-title":"Vacuolar transporters in their physiological context","volume":"63","author":"E Martinoia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol."},{"key":"pcbi.1013474.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.07.008","article-title":"Pumping up the volume - vacuole biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"80","author":"F Kr\u00fcger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev 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