{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T17:52:56Z","timestamp":1761328376674,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CISE IIS2420348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISE IIS2420348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Health Institute","award":["R01 EY030226-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY030226-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A ubiquitous phenomenon observed along the ventral stream of the primate hierarchical visual system is the suppression of neural responses to familiar stimuli at the population level. The observation of the suppression of the neural response in the early visual cortex (V1 and V2) to familiar stimuli that are multiple times larger in size than the receptive fields of individual neurons implicates the plausible development of recurrent circuits for encoding these global stimuli. In this work, we investigated the neural mechanisms of familiarity suppression and showed that a recurrent neural circuit based on Hebbian learning, consisting of neurons with small and local receptive fields, can develop to encode specific global familiar stimuli robustly as a result of familiarity training. We proposed that the learned recurrent circuit implements a manifold transform. The recurrent circuit compresses the dimensions of nuisance variations of a familiar image in the neural response manifold relative to the dimensions for discriminating different familiar stimuli, resulting in increased robustness of the global stimulus representation against noise and other irrelevant perturbations. We demonstrate that a recurrent circuit implements the manifold transform using a mixed strategy of locally linear and globally nonlinear computations, where the local linear computation selectively redistributes recurrent gain to enhance concept discrimination. These results provide testable predictions for neurophysiological experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T17:48:37Z","timestamp":1761328117000},"page":"e1013587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Manifold transform by recurrent cortical circuit enhances robust encoding of familiar stimuli"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Weifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-5694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tai-Sing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3794","article-title":"Image familiarization sharpens response dynamics of neurons in inferotemporal cortex","volume":"17","author":"T Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref002","first-page":"457","article-title":"Neuronal activity related to visual recognition memory: long-term memory and the encoding of recency and familiarity information in the primate anterior and medial inferior temporal and rhinal cortex","volume":"96","author":"FL Fahy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1013587.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00030-6","article-title":"Differential neuronal encoding of novelty, familiarity and recency in regions of the anterior temporal lobe","volume":"37","author":"JZ Xiang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"32","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8533","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2106-07.2007","article-title":"Context familiarity enhances target processing by inferior temporal cortex neurons","volume":"27","author":"REB Mruczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230436","article-title":"Investigation of long-term recognition and association memory in unit responses from inferotemporal cortex","volume":"96","author":"S Sobotka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj100","article-title":"Experience-dependent sharpening of visual shape selectivity in inferior temporal cortex","volume":"16","author":"DJ Freedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.032","article-title":"Effects of long-term visual experience on responses of distinct classes of single units in inferior temporal cortex","volume":"74","author":"L Woloszyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"42","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0664-18.2018","article-title":"Neural correlate of visual familiarity in macaque area V2","volume":"38","author":"G Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908378107","article-title":"Recognition memory signals in the macaque hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"MJ Jutras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114188","article-title":"Simple synaptic modulations implement diverse novelty computations","volume":"43","author":"K Aitken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5500","key":"pcbi.1013587.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","article-title":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding","volume":"290","author":"ST Roweis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1013587.ref012","article-title":"Think globally, fit locally: unsupervised learning of low dimensional manifolds","author":"LK Saul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1013587.ref013","unstructured":"Chen Y, Paiton D, Olshausen B. 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