{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:44:26Z","timestamp":1770547466301,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013888","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000}}],"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY025872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY025872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32EY036266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32EY036266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1653457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1653457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006324","name":"American Psychological Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dissertation Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dissertation Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding 3D representations of spatial information, particularly in naturalistic scenes, remains a significant challenge in vision science. This is largely because of conceptual difficulties in disentangling higher-level 3D information from co-occurring features and cues (e.g., the 3D shape of a scene image is necessarily defined by \u201clow-level\u201d spatial frequency and orientation information). Recent work has employed newer models and analysis techniques that attempt to mitigate these difficulties within a model-comparison framework. For example, one such study reported 3D-surface features were uniquely present in areas OPA, PPA, and MPA\/RSC (areas typically referred to as \u2018scene-selective\u2019), above and beyond a Gabor-wavelet baseline model. Here, we tested whether these findings generalized to a new stimulus set that, on average, dissociated static Gabor-wavelet baseline features from 3D scene-surface features. Surprisingly, we found evidence that a Gabor-wavelet baseline model\u2014commonly thought of as a \u201clow-level\u201d or \u201c2D\u201d model\u2014better fit voxel responses in areas OPA, PPA and MPA\/RSC compared to a model with 3D-surface information. We highlight that this difference in results could be due to differences in the baseline conditions used across studies. These findings emphasize that much of the information in \u201cscene-selective\u201d regions\u2014potentially even information about 3D surfaces\u2014may be in the form of spatial frequency and orientation information often considered 2D or low-level. Disentangling lower-level and higher-level visual information is a continuing fundamental challenge for model-comparison approaches in visual cognition, and it motivates future work investigating which visual features could cue higher-level properties in our real-world visual experience\u2014both within and beyond current model comparison frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T18:53:46Z","timestamp":1770058426000},"page":"e1013888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 2D Gabor-wavelet baseline model out-performs a 3D surface model in scene-responsive cortex"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1712-3255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Shafer-Skelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy 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