{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:18:26Z","timestamp":1778721506118,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T18:30:30Z","timestamp":1430332230000},"page":"e0119248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":331,"title":["A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis P.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Orrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bourgoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Brusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cavalier-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Guiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"W Hennig","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x","article-title":"Classifications and other ordering systems","volume":"40","author":"E Mayr","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Zoolog Syst Evol Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12038","article-title":"The importance of comprehensive phylogenetic (evolutionary) classification\u2014a response to Schmidt-Lebuhn\u2019s commentary on paraphyletic taxa","volume":"30","author":"TF Stuessy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12037","article-title":"\u201cEvolutionary\u201d classifications do not have any information content\u2014a reply to Stuessy and Hoerandl","volume":"30","author":"AN Schmidt-Lebuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Chapman AD. Numbers of living species in Australia and the world, second edition. Australian Biodiversity Information Services, Toowoomba, Australia. A Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study; 2009."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Roskov Y, Kunze T, Orrell T, Abucay L, Paglinawan L, Culham A, et al., editors. Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2014 Annual Checklist [DVD]. 2014; Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands: Species 2000."},{"key":"ref7","volume":"1 & 2","author":"SP Parker","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3636.2.1","article-title":"To name or not to name: criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes","volume":"3636","author":"M Vences","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref9","author":"C Linnaeus","year":"1753"},{"key":"ref10","author":"C. Linnaeus","year":"1758"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.192.3347","article-title":"Biological nomenclature terms for facilitating communication in the naming of organisms","volume":"192","author":"J David","year":"2012","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x","article-title":"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists","volume":"52","author":"SM Adl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085544","article-title":"The deep roots of eukaryotes","volume":"300","author":"SL Baldauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.08.038","article-title":"The real \u2018kingdoms\u2019 of eukaryotes","volume":"14","author":"AGB Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.09.005","article-title":"The tree of eukaryotes","volume":"20","author":"PJ Keeling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"e220","key":"ref16","first-page":"2062","article-title":"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity","volume":"2","author":"Parfrey L Wegener","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.02.004","article-title":"The eukaryotic tree of life: endosymbiosis takes its TOL","volume":"23","author":"CE Lane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x","article-title":"The revised classification of eukaryotes","volume":"59","author":"SM Adl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0006323198005167","article-title":"A revised six-kingdom system of life","volume":"73","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref20","author":"E Mayr","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0161","article-title":"Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups, and the four ages of life","volume":"365","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2386","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution","volume":"9","author":"PJ Keeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref23","author":"R Liu","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Christchurch","volume":"one","author":"DP Gordon","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Kingdom Animalia: Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils. Christchurch","volume":"two","author":"DP Gordon","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Christchurch","volume":"three","author":"DP Gordon","year":"2012"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.11.5088","article-title":"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryote domain: the primary kingdoms","volume":"74","author":"CR Woese","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref28","author":"L Margulis","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"The origin and evolution of eukaryotes","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"LPSN\u2014list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature; 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bacterio.net\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bacterio.net<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 October 2014."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Garrity GM, Lilburn TG, Cole JR, Harrison SH, Euz\u00e9by J, Tindall BJ. Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA) Release 7.7; 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.taxonomicoutline.org\/index.php\/toba\/issue\/view\/3\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.taxonomicoutline.org\/index.php\/toba\/issue\/view\/3<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 October 23."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D613","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1111","article-title":"LPSN\u2014list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature","volume":"42","author":"AC Parte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The Mycota","volume":"VII","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.057","article-title":"Shared signatures of parasitism and phylogenomics unite Cryptomycota and Microsporidia","volume":"23","author":"TY James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(81)90050-2","article-title":"Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?","volume":"14","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evp022","article-title":"Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic chromalveolates","volume":"1","author":"F Burki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2301","article-title":"The evolutionary history of haptophytes and cryptophytes: phylogenomic evidence for separate origins","volume":"279","author":"F Burki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2012.06.001","article-title":"Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa","volume":"49","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.08.012","article-title":"Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa","volume":"81","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Phylogen Evol"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Dictionary of Fungi","author":"PM Kirk","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/4103226","article-title":"Thallophytes and kingdoms\u2014a critique","volume":"25","author":"C Jeffrey","year":"1971","journal-title":"Kew Bull"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Origin of plastids: Symbiogenesis, prochlorophytes and the origins of chloroplasts","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00434.x","article-title":"Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification","volume":"1","author":"K Bremer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x","article-title":"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III","volume":"161","author":"MW Chase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bot J Linn Soc"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1127\/0029-5035\/2008\/0086-0001","article-title":"A morpho-molecular classification of the mosses (Bryophyta)","volume":"86","author":"M Stech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nova Hedwigia"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.9.1.8","article-title":"A synthesis of hornwort diversity: patterns, causes and future work","volume":"9","author":"JC Villarreal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref47","author":"DJ Mabberley","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Stevens PF. Angiosperm phylogeny website, Version 12; 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.mobot.org\/MOBOT\/research\/APweb\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.mobot.org\/MOBOT\/research\/APweb<\/ext-link>. Accessed 18 November 2014."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00338.x","article-title":"Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence","volume":"14","author":"J Zrzav\u00fd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Molecular systematics and evolution: theory and practice","author":"G Giribet","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004082","article-title":"Testing the new animal phylogeny: first use of combined large-subunit and small-subunit rRNA gene sequences to classify the protostomes","volume":"19","author":"J Mallatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124","article-title":"The new view of animal phylogeny","volume":"35","author":"KM Halanych","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1163\/18759866-0730102001","article-title":"Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical appraisal of cladistics characters","volume":"73","author":"RA Jenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contrib Zool"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1668.1.8","article-title":"A modern look at the animal tree of life","volume":"1668","author":"G Giribet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06614","article-title":"Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life","volume":"452","author":"CW Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1574","article-title":"Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes","volume":"276","author":"J Paps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0896","article-title":"Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods","volume":"276","author":"A Hejnol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq089","article-title":"Improved phylogenomic taxon sampling noticeably affects nonbilaterian relationships","volume":"27","author":"KS Pick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-011-0044-4","article-title":"Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions","volume":"11","author":"GD Edgecombe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org Divers Evol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3148.1.3","article-title":"Animal diversity: an introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness","volume":"3148","author":"Z-Q Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"5","article-title":"Animal biodiversity: an update of classification and diversity in 2013","volume":"3703","author":"Z-Q Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2008.00231.x","article-title":"Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae?","volume":"10","author":"C Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp148","article-title":"Phylogenetic-signal dissection of nuclear-housekeeping genes supports the paraphyly of sponges and the monophyly of Eumetazoa","volume":"26","author":"EA Sperling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philippe H, Derelle R, Lopez P, Pick K, Borchiellini C, Boury-Esnault N, et al. Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Curr Biol. 2009; <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.052\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.052<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.052"},{"key":"ref65","author":"JNA Hooper","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"13","article-title":"Phylum Porifera Grant, 1826","volume":"3148","author":"JNA Hooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-011-0842-x","article-title":"No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera","volume":"687","author":"E Gazave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142024","article-title":"<italic>Buddenbrockia<\/italic> is a cnidarian worm","volume":"317","author":"E Jim\u00e9nez-Guri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and myogenesis of the vermiform <italic>Buddenbrockia<\/italic> (Myxozoa) and implications for cnidarian body plan evolution","volume":"310","author":"A Gruhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evodevo"},{"key":"ref70","author":"C Nielsen","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1","article-title":"To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy","volume":"45","author":"B Egger","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09676","article-title":"Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to <italic>Xenoturbella<\/italic>","volume":"470","author":"H Philippe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"24","article-title":"Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness","volume":"3148","author":"S Tyler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phylum Xenacoelomorpha Philippe"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113441mr","article-title":"Evolutionary history of the Tricladida and the Platyhelminthes: an up-to-date phylogenetic and systematic account","volume":"56","author":"M Riutort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Tyler S. Turbellarian taxonomic database; 2014. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/turbellaria.umaine.edu\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/turbellaria.umaine.edu\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 3 February 2014."},{"key":"ref76","author":"EE Ruppert","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref77","author":"RC Brusca","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006400207434","article-title":"Phylogeny of the Acanthocephala based on morphological characters","volume":"48","author":"S Monks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"234","article-title":"Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuter, 1771","volume":"3148","author":"S Monks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"231","article-title":"Phylum Rotifera Cuvier, 1817","volume":"3148","author":"H Segers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02338837","article-title":"Molecular evidence for Acanthocephala as a subtaxon of Rotifera","volume":"43","author":"JR Garey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.08.004","article-title":"Large-scale sequencing and the new animal phylogeny","volume":"21","author":"H Philippe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.02.010","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among Syndermata inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences","volume":"40","author":"M Garcia-Varela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm214","article-title":"Spiralian phylogenomics supports the resurrection of Bryozoa comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta","volume":"24","author":"B Hausdorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-345","article-title":"EST based phylogenomics of Syndermata questions monophyly of Eurotatoria","volume":"8","author":"A Witek","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.12.001","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of <italic>Oncicola luehei<\/italic> (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) and its phylogenetic position within Syndermata","volume":"61","author":"M Gazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Alrichs WH. Ultrastruktur und Phylogenie von <italic>Seison nebaliae<\/italic> (Gube 1859) und <italic>Seison annulatus<\/italic> (Claus 1876)\u2014Hypothesen zu phylogenetischen Verwandtsschaftsverhaltsnissen innerhalb der Bilateria. Dissertation, Georg-August University, Gottingen Cuvillier-Verlag, Gottingen; 1995."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s004350050028","article-title":"Epidermal ultrastructure of <italic>Seison nebaliae<\/italic> and <italic>Seison annulatus<\/italic> and a comparison of epidermal structures within the Gnathifera","volume":"117","author":"WH Alrichs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2307\/3226891","article-title":"Sister-group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Rotifera-Acanthocephala","volume":"114","author":"RM Rieger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invertebr Biol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10038","article-title":"Further structures in the jaw apparatus of Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa), with notes on the phylogeny of the Gnathifera","volume":"255","author":"MV S\u00f8rensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00025.x","article-title":"A comparative study of trophi morphology in Seisonidea (Rotifera)","volume":"244","author":"H Segers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4687(200010)246:1<1::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Micrognathozoa: a new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida","volume":"246","author":"RM Kristensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S095283690200153X","article-title":"A new record of Limnognathia maerski Kristensen &amp; Funch, 2000 (Micrognathozoa) from the subantarctic Crozet Islands, with redescription of the trophi","volume":"258","author":"H De Smet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2004.00004.x","article-title":"Investigations into the phylogenetic position of Micrognathozoa using four molecular loci","volume":"20","author":"G Giribet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref95","author":"C Nielsen","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"181","article-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the phylum Cephalorhyncha","volume":"3","author":"AV Adrianov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zoosyst Ross"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ultrastructure of sense organs and receptor cells of the neck and lorica of the <italic>Halicryptus spinulosus<\/italic> larva (Priapulida)","volume":"10","author":"C Lemburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microfauna Marina"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.3.619","article-title":"Ultrastructure, biology, and phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha","volume":"42","author":"B Neuhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.11.023","article-title":"Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star","volume":"43","author":"J Mallatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.09.028","article-title":"Nearly complete rRNA genes assembled from across the metazoan animals: effects of more taxa, a structure-based alignment, and paired-sites evolutionary models on phylogenetic reconstruction","volume":"55","author":"J Mallatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130114","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433980800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T14:36:50Z","timestamp":1598971010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119248"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Erik V.","family":"Thuesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119248","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130114","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]}}}