{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:04:18Z","timestamp":1790874258519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]],"date-time":"2004-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1098748800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,20]],"date-time":"2004-10-20T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1098279070000},"page":"e368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["The Risk of a Mosquito-Borne Infectionin a Heterogeneous Environment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"David L","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dushoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Ellis","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio-0020368-Ansell1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90271-3","article-title":"Short-range attractiveness of pregnant women to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.","volume":"96","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Aron1","first-page":"139","article-title":"The population dynamics of malaria.","volume-title":"Population dynamics and infectious disease","year":"1982"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Beck1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.99","article-title":"Assessment of a remote sensing-based model for predicting malaria transmission risk in villages of Chiapas, Mexico.","volume":"56","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Becker1","article-title":"Analysis of infectious disease data. Monographs on statistics and probability.","year":"1989"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Bidlingmyer1","first-page":"328","article-title":"The measurement of adult mosquito population changes\u2014Some considerations.","volume":"1","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Birley1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90145-1","article-title":"Sporozoite rate and malaria prevalence.","volume":"3","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Black1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.41.100187.003333","article-title":"Elaboration versus simplification in refining mathematical models of infectious disease.","volume":"41","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Carter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00190-X","article-title":"Spatial simulation of malaria transmission and its control by malaria transmission blocking vaccination.","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Chadee1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.513","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of imported malaria cases and local transmission in Trinidad.","volume":"61","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Charlwood1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cordon sanitaire or laissez faire: Differential dispersal of young and old females of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus files (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Mozambique.","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Clarke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90419-0","article-title":"Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites.","volume":"96","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Cohen1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Esitmating the effects of successful malaria control programmes on mortality.","volume":"25","year":"1988","journal-title":"Popul Bull U N"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Dietz1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93161-1_15","article-title":"Models for vector-borne parasitic diseases.","volume":"39","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lect Notes Biomath"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Dietz2","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Mathematical models for transmission and control of malaria.","volume-title":"Principles and practice of malariology","year":"1988"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Durrett1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.1994.1032","article-title":"The importance of being discrete (and spatial).","volume":"46","year":"1994a","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Durrett2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1994.0028","article-title":"Stochastic spatial models: A user's guide to ecological applications.","volume":"343","year":"1994b","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Dye1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90199-9","article-title":"Population dynamics of mosquito-borne disease: Effects of flies which bite some people more frequently than others.","volume":"80","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Fine1","first-page":"475","article-title":"Superinfection\u2014A problem in formulating a problem.","volume":"72","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bureau Hyg Trop Dis"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Focks1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/45.3.173","article-title":"The use of spatial analysis in the control and risk assessment of vector-borne diseases.","volume":"45","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Ghebreyesus1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90424-3","article-title":"Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands.","volume":"94","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Greenwood1","first-page":"S25","article-title":"The microepidemiology of malaria and its importance to malaria control.","volume":"83","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Hii1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in abundance of Anopheles (Diptera:Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea.","volume":"34","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Keating1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.357","article-title":"A geograPhic sampling strategy for studying relationships between human activity and malaria vectors in urban Africa.","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Kelly1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02116-X","article-title":"Why are some people bitten more than others?","volume":"17","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Killeen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.535","article-title":"A simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control.","volume":"62","year":"2000a","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Killeen2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.545","article-title":"The potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas.","volume":"62","year":"2000b","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Killeen3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00611-X","article-title":"Taking malaria transmission out of the bottle: Implications of mosquito dispersal for vector-control interventions.","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Kitron1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.4.435","article-title":"Landscape ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases: Tools for spatial analysis.","volume":"35","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Konradsen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.177","article-title":"Strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in Sri Lanka.","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Krantz1","article-title":"Handbook of complex analysis.","year":"1999"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Lines1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062454","article-title":"Human malaria infectiousness measured by age-specific sporozoite rates in Anopheles gambiae in Tanzania.","volume":"102","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Macdonald1","article-title":"The epidemiology and control of malaria.","year":"1957"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-McKenzie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01789-0","article-title":"Why model malaria?","volume":"16","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Mendis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00228.x","article-title":"Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in Matola coastal suburb of Maputo, southern Mozambique.","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Minakawa1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.32","article-title":"Influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya.","volume":"67","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Mollison1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/310224a0","article-title":"Simplifying simple epidemic models.","volume":"310","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Mollison2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1986.0080","article-title":"Modelling biological invasions: Chance, explanation, prediction.","volume":"314","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Mukabana1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-1-17","article-title":"Host-specific cues cause differential attractiveness of Kenyan men to the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.","volume":"1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Pope1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/1942117","article-title":"Remote sensing of tropical wetlands for malaria control in Chiapas, Mexico.","volume":"4","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Ribeiro1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of anopheline mosquitos in an Ethiopian village: Implications for malaria control strategies.","volume":"74","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Rogers1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/415710a","article-title":"Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria.","volume":"415","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Ross1","article-title":"The prevention of malaria.","year":"1911"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Ruel1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01664-X","article-title":"Jensen's inequality predicts effects of environmental variation.","volume":"14","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Snow1","first-page":"85","article-title":"The epidemiology of malaria.","volume-title":"Essential malariology, 4th ed","year":"2002"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Snow2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91056-2","article-title":"Environmental and entomological risk factors for the development of clinical malaria among children on the Kenyan coast.","volume":"92","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Staedke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.244","article-title":"Short report: Proximity to mosquito breeding sites as a risk factor for clinical malaria episodes in an urban cohort of Ugandan children.","volume":"69","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Takken1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.131","article-title":"Odor-mediated behavior of Afrotropical malaria mosquitoes.","volume":"44","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Trape1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.181","article-title":"Vector density and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal.","volume":"47","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-van1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg055","article-title":"Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: The importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites.","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pbio-0020368-Woolhouse1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.338","article-title":"Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs.","volume":"94","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["PLoS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T20:32:20Z","timestamp":1588797140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020368"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"family":"Andy P. Dobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]]}}}