{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:58:22Z","timestamp":1793332702810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T13:51:02Z","timestamp":1424785862000},"page":"e1002073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Cortical Hierarchies Perform Bayesian Causal Inference in Multisensory Perception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Rohe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Noppeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.07.001","article-title":"Causal inference in perception","volume":"14","author":"L Shams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000943","article-title":"Causal inference in multisensory perception","volume":"2","author":"KP Koerding","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.01.029","article-title":"The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration","volume":"14","author":"D Alais","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/415429a","article-title":"Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion","volume":"415","author":"MO Ernst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1167\/4.12.1","article-title":"Slant from texture and disparity cues: optimal cue combination","volume":"4","author":"JM Hillis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00088-7","article-title":"Optimal integration of texture and motion cues to depth","volume":"39","author":"RA Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00458-9","article-title":"Do humans optimally integrate stereo and texture information for judgments of surface slant?","volume":"43","author":"DC Knill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00836-9","article-title":"When feeling is more important than seeing in sensorimotor adaptation","volume":"12","author":"RJ van Beers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00176-M","article-title":"Measurement and modeling of depth cue combination: in defense of weak fusion","volume":"35","author":"MS Landy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3578","article-title":"Resolving multisensory conflict: a strategy for balancing the costs and benefits of audio-visual integration","volume":"273","author":"NW Roach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207374","article-title":"Cross-modal bias and perceptual fusion with auditory-visual spatial discordance","volume":"29","author":"P Bertelson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1899-9","article-title":"Unifying multisensory signals across time and space","volume":"158","author":"MT Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058911","article-title":"Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex","volume":"292","author":"B Tian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(83)90190-X","article-title":"Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways","volume":"6","author":"M Mishkin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trends in neurosciences"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.011","article-title":"Neuronal oscillations and multisensory interaction in primary auditory cortex","volume":"53","author":"P Lakatos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4737-06.2007","article-title":"Functional imaging reveals visual modulation of specific fields in auditory cortex","volume":"27","author":"C Kayser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5745-09.2010","article-title":"Audiovisual synchrony improves motion discrimination via enhanced connectivity between early visual and auditory areas","volume":"30","author":"R Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5091-09.2010","article-title":"Distinct functional contributions of primary sensory and association areas to audiovisual integration in object categorization","volume":"30","author":"S Werner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.02.007","article-title":"Temporal prediction errors in visual and auditory cortices","volume":"24","author":"H Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(00)00024-0","article-title":"Multisensory auditory-somatosensory interactions in early cortical processing revealed by high-density electrical mapping","volume":"10","author":"JJ Foxe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11431","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2252-07.2007","article-title":"Audiovisual temporal correspondence modulates human multisensory superior temporal sulcus plus primary sensory cortices","volume":"27","author":"T Noesselt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2983","article-title":"Neural correlates of reliability-based cue weighting during multisensory integration","volume":"15","author":"CR Fetsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.024","article-title":"Multisensory integration in macaque visual cortex depends on cue reliability","volume":"59","author":"ML Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3503","article-title":"Bridging the gap between theories of sensory cue integration and the physiology of multisensory neurons","volume":"14","author":"CR Fetsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1790","article-title":"Bayesian inference with probabilistic population codes","volume":"9","author":"WJ Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1333","article-title":"Unraveling multisensory integration: patchy organization within human STS multisensory cortex","volume":"7","author":"MS Beauchamp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.08.050","article-title":"Neural basis of the ventriloquist illusion","volume":"17","author":"B Bonath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.04.008","article-title":"Is neocortex essentially multisensory?","volume":"10","author":"AA Ghazanfar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00377-4","article-title":"Multimodal spatial representations engaged in human parietal cortex during both saccadic and manual spatial orienting","volume":"13","author":"E Macaluso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7881","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1740-07.2007","article-title":"Object familiarity and semantic congruency modulate responses in cortical audiovisual integration areas","volume":"27","author":"G Hein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.077","article-title":"Audio-visual synchrony modulates the ventriloquist illusion and its neural\/spatial representation in the auditory cortex","volume":"98","author":"B Bonath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.319","article-title":"Space and attention in parietal cortex","volume":"22","author":"CL Colby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/35135","article-title":"The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex","volume":"391","author":"JP Gottlieb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10702","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2939-04.2004","article-title":"Control of attention shifts between vision and audition in human cortex","volume":"24","author":"S Shomstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3862-09.2010","article-title":"Mechanisms of spatial attention control in frontal and parietal cortex","volume":"30","author":"SM Szczepanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.06.008","article-title":"The multifaceted interplay between attention and multisensory integration","volume":"14","author":"D Talsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"99","author":"VR Algazi","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial vision"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000871","article-title":"Probability matching as a computational strategy used in perception","volume":"6","author":"DR Wozny","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.3.691","article-title":"A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination","volume":"78","author":"NJ Nagelkerke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/271063","article-title":"Bayesian model selection in social research","volume":"25","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.025","article-title":"Bayesian model selection for group studies","volume":"46","author":"KE Stephan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach","volume":"2","author":"KJ Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human brain mapping"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"27","article-title":"LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines","volume":"2","author":"CC Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)"},{"key":"ref45","author":"B Efron","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","article-title":"A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data","volume":"25","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7754376","article-title":"Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"268","author":"MI Sereno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0991-07.2007","article-title":"Visual topography of human intraparietal sulcus","volume":"27","author":"JD Swisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T21:44:30Z","timestamp":1588974270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002073"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kayser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]}}}