{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:06:56Z","timestamp":1790539616080,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000}}],"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD081792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD081792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T18:34:51Z","timestamp":1553106891000},"page":"e3000189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Ablating astrocyte insulin receptors leads to delayed puberty and hypogonadism in mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-5922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iyad H.","family":"Manaserh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmikanth","family":"Chikkamenahalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-5855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samyuktha","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhatchandra R.","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v2i2.72","article-title":"Growth of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"K Demir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2056","article-title":"Delayed puberty but normal fertility in mice with selective deletion of insulin receptors from Kiss1 cells","volume":"154","author":"X Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12330","article-title":"Insulin Does Not Target CamkIIalpha Neurones to Critically Regulate the Neuroendocrine Reproductive Axis in Mice","volume":"27","author":"MC Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899409148347","article-title":"Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and menstrual dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"ML Griffin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annals of medicine"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.07.002","article-title":"Insulin regulation of GnRH gene expression through MAP kinase signaling pathways","volume":"242","author":"HH Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular and cellular endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41069","article-title":"Divergent roles of growth factors in the GnRH regulation of puberty in mice","volume":"120","author":"SA Divall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.02.007","article-title":"Egr-1 binds the GnRH promoter to mediate the increase in gene expression by insulin","volume":"270","author":"SA DiVall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular and cellular endocrinology"},{"issue":"5487","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122","article-title":"Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction","volume":"289","author":"JC Bruning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2724","article-title":"Update: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"96","author":"P Dandona","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.028","article-title":"Astrocytic Insulin Signaling Couples Brain Glucose Uptake with Nutrient Availability","volume":"166","author":"C Garcia-Caceres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications","volume":"33","author":"E Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E827","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00670.2007","article-title":"Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction","volume":"294","author":"JW Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.01.008","article-title":"The role of insulin receptor signaling in the brain","volume":"16","author":"L Plum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8657","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2739-05.2005","article-title":"Insulin inhibits neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus through GABAergic systems","volume":"25","author":"I Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0457","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion from hypothalamic neurons: stimulation by insulin and potentiation by leptin","volume":"144","author":"R Burcelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000160911","article-title":"Insulin modulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in normal female volunteers and lean polycystic ovary syndrome patients","volume":"89","author":"M Moret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030189","article-title":"The lack of effect of insulin on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in healthy male volunteers provides evidence of a sexual dimorphism in the metabolic regulation of reproductive hormones","volume":"96","author":"MH Pesant","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8404-z","article-title":"Brain insulin dysregulation: implication for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"47","author":"R Ghasemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular neurobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8339-9","article-title":"Insulin in the brain: sources, localization and functions","volume":"47","author":"R Ghasemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular neurobiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0336","article-title":"Metformin treatment to prevent early puberty in girls with precocious pubarche","volume":"91","author":"L Ibanez","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.079301","article-title":"Androgen receptor antagonism and an insulin sensitizer block the advancement of vaginal opening by high-fat diet in mice","volume":"81","author":"DS Brill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.004","article-title":"Insulin action in AgRP-expressing neurons is required for suppression of hepatic glucose production","volume":"5","author":"AC Konner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1412","article-title":"Insulin action on GABA neurons is a critical regulator of energy balance but not fertility in mice","volume":"155","author":"MC Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-06-01788.1990","article-title":"In situ hybridization histochemistry of Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in developing rat brain","volume":"10","author":"KE Burgin","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.05.019","article-title":"Metabolic pitfalls of CNS Cre-based technology","volume":"18","author":"E Harno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7319","article-title":"Coexpression of nestin in neural and glial cells in the developing human CNS defined by a human-specific anti-nestin antibody","volume":"161","author":"CA Messam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090130","article-title":"Brain-specific deletion of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 mitogen-activated protein kinase leads to aberrant cortical collagen deposition","volume":"175","author":"DS Heffron","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American journal of pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01712.x","article-title":"Glial-gonadotrophin hormone (GnRH) neurone interactions in the median eminence and the control of GnRH secretion","volume":"20","author":"SR Ojeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1435","article-title":"SynCAM1, a synaptic adhesion molecule, is expressed in astrocytes and contributes to erbB4 receptor-mediated control of female sexual development","volume":"152","author":"US Sandau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-016-0219-1","article-title":"Reductions in hypothalamic Gfap expression, glial cells and alpha-tanycytes in lean and hypermetabolic Gnasxl-deficient mice","volume":"9","author":"AP Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0392-4","article-title":"Tissue macrophages: heterogeneity and functions","volume":"15","author":"S Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.013","article-title":"Microglial Physiology and Pathophysiology: Insights from Genome-wide Transcriptional Profiling","volume":"44","author":"A Crotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1351","article-title":"Pulse and Surge Profiles of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Mouse","volume":"157","author":"K Czieselsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107533108","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 release from astrocytes triggers gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron firing via EP2 receptor activation","volume":"108","author":"J Clasadonte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.031","article-title":"Tripartite synapses: roles for astrocytic purines in the control of synaptic physiology and behavior","volume":"57","author":"MM Halassa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1715","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0154","article-title":"Astrocytic control of synaptic function","volume":"372","author":"T Papouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C922","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.3.C922","article-title":"An inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, Kir4.1, expressed in astrocytes surrounds synapses and blood vessels in brain","volume":"281","author":"K Higashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0_18","article-title":"Examining potassium channel function in astrocytes","volume":"814","author":"M. Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015217108","article-title":"Critical role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in astrocytic Ca2+ signaling events elicited by cerebral edema","volume":"108","author":"AS Thrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90158-2","article-title":"Glutamate transporters in glial plasma membranes: highly differentiated localizations revealed by quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry","volume":"15","author":"FA Chaudhry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130190","article-title":"Unaltered lactate and glucose transporter levels in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson&apos;s disease","volume":"3","author":"M Puchades","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.043","article-title":"Time-Resolved Imaging Reveals Heterogeneous Landscapes of Nanomolar Ca(2+) in Neurons and Astroglia","volume":"88","author":"K Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1722","article-title":"Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues","volume":"6","author":"A Volterra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"39","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10434","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1946-07.2007","article-title":"Structural determinants of transmission at large hippocampal mossy fiber Synapses","volume":"27","author":"A Rollenhagen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"4","article-title":"Signalling properties of inorganic polyphosphate in the mammalian brain","author":"KM Holmstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"5","article-title":"Lactate-mediated glia-neuronal signalling in the mammalian brain","author":"F Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6249","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa7945","article-title":"Circuit-specific signaling in astrocyte-neuron networks in basal ganglia pathways","volume":"349","author":"R Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1715","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0154","article-title":"Astrocytic control of synaptic function","volume":"372","author":"T Papouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos T R Soc B"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199805)23:1<1::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Structural organization of the perivascular astrocyte endfeet and their relationship with the endothelial glucose transporter: A confocal microscopy study","volume":"23","author":"K Kacem","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"MV Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021594","article-title":"Insulin promotes glycogen storage and cell proliferation in primary human astrocytes","volume":"6","author":"M Heni","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7321","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09613","article-title":"Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow","volume":"468","author":"D Attwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23283","article-title":"Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte","volume":"66","author":"N Marina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5487","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122","article-title":"Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction","volume":"289","author":"JC Br\u00fcning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020777","article-title":"Reproductive hormones in the early menopausal transition: relationship to ethnicity, body size, and menopausal status","volume":"88","author":"JF Randolph Jr.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-012-0734-9","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in morbidly obese males is reversed after bariatric surgery","volume":"22","author":"S Pellitero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220711","article-title":"The morphometry of astrocytes in the rostral preoptic area exhibits a diurnal rhythm on proestrus: relationship to the luteinizing hormone surge and effects of age","volume":"144","author":"AB Cashion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-2-1083","article-title":"Effects of Gonadal-Steroids on the Ultrastructure of Gnrh Neurons in the Rhesus-Monkey\u2014Synaptic Input and Glial Apposition","volume":"129","author":"JW Witkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00807.x","article-title":"Glial Ensheathment of Gnrh Neurons in Pubertal Female Rhesus Macaques","volume":"7","author":"JW Witkin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1383","article-title":"Minireview: Role of glia in neuroendocrine function","volume":"145","author":"LM Garcia-Segura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"197","article-title":"Glia-to-neuron signaling and the neuroendocrine control of female puberty","volume":"55","author":"SR Ojeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Recent progress in hormone research"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20404","article-title":"Steroids and glial cell function","volume":"54","author":"LM Garcia-Segura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07515.x","article-title":"Contribution of glial-neuronal interactions to the neuroendocrine control of female puberty","volume":"32","author":"SR Ojeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9145","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09145.1997","article-title":"Estradiol enhances prostaglandin E2 receptor gene expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons and facilitates the LHRH response to PGE2 by activating a glia-to-neuron signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"F Rage","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00230.2003","article-title":"Normal female sexual development requires neuregulin-erbB receptor signaling in hypothalamic astrocytes","volume":"23","author":"V Prevot","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref66","first-page":"4695","article-title":"Some hypothalamic hamartomas contain transforming growth factor alpha, a puberty-inducing growth factor, but not luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons","volume":"84","author":"H Jung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01349-6","article-title":"Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner","volume":"22","author":"A Araque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1928","article-title":"Purinergic signalling in neuron-glia interactions","volume":"7","author":"RD Fields","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99366","article-title":"Insulin regulates astrocyte gliotransmission and modulates behavior","volume":"128","author":"W Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90013-7","article-title":"Metabolism and Role of Glutamate in Mammalian Brain","volume":"35","author":"M Erecinska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8537","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0329-06.2006","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of synaptic GABA release by the glutamate-glutamine cycle in hippocampal area CA1","volume":"26","author":"SL Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2006.01466.x","article-title":"Oestradiol up-regulates glutamine synthetase mRNA and protein expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus: Implications for a role of hormonally responsive glia in amino acid neurotransmission","volume":"18","author":"T Blutstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.04.017","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics identifies a change in glial glutamate metabolism at the time of female puberty","volume":"254\u2013255","author":"CL Roth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.10.009","article-title":"OATP2A1\/SLCO2A1-mediated prostaglandin E2 loading into intracellular acidic compartments of macrophages contributes to exocytotic secretion","volume":"98","author":"H Shimada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref75","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II, and nerve growth factor on neurite formation and survival in cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the","volume":"6","author":"E Recio-Pinto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.06.002","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental effects of insulin-like growth factor signaling","volume":"33","author":"J O'Kusky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5836","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142179","article-title":"Brain IRS2 signaling coordinates life span and nutrient homeostasis","volume":"317","author":"A Taguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.13.5178","article-title":"Molecular cloning and primary structure of human glial fibrillary acidic protein","volume":"86","author":"SA Reeves","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.01.005","article-title":"GFAP in health and disease","volume":"93","author":"J Middeldorp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in neurobiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7076","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7076","article-title":"IL-10 deficiency promotes increased Borrelia burgdorferi clearance predominantly through enhanced innate immune responses","volume":"177","author":"JJ Lazarus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt231","article-title":"Bone marrow deficiency of TRPC3 channel reduces early lesion burden and necrotic core of advanced plaques in a mouse model of atherosclerosis","volume":"101","author":"JY Tano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.08.045","article-title":"FACS purification of immunolabeled cell types from adult rat brain","volume":"203","author":"D Guez-Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience methods"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10955","article-title":"Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate\/aspartate transporter from rat brain","volume":"89","author":"T Storck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pdb prot5439","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot5439","article-title":"Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent)","volume":"2010","author":"DC Rio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor protocols"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150290","article-title":"Novel Applications of Magnetic Cell Sorting to Analyze Cell-Type Specific Gene and Protein Expression in the Central Nervous System","volume":"11","author":"LM Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"4792489","article-title":"The Antinociceptive Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Incised Wounds Is Correlated with Changes in Cyclooxygenase 2 Activity, Prostaglandin E2, and Proinflammatory Cytokines","volume":"2017","author":"YY Chia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2550","article-title":"Association of prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in two German study populations","volume":"92","author":"I Nitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1100","article-title":"Leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity reduce hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice","volume":"152","author":"JH Quennell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod17.2.298","article-title":"Preputial Separation as an External Sign of Pubertal Development in Male Rat","volume":"17","author":"CC Korenbrot","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod27.2.327","article-title":"A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL\/6J mice: I. Cycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology","volume":"27","author":"JF Nelson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0190215","article-title":"Pituitary LH content and reproductive tract changes during the mouse oestrous cycle","volume":"19","author":"AS Bingel","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of reproduction and fertility"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00488","article-title":"Sim1 Neurons Are Sufficient for MC4R-Mediated Sexual Function in Male Mice","volume":"159","author":"E Semple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1501","article-title":"Estimation of estradiol in mouse serum samples: evaluation of commercial estradiol immunoassays","volume":"152","author":"DJ Haisenleder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T04:58:34Z","timestamp":1606885114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Daneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000189","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]}}}