{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:56:38Z","timestamp":1792137398042,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000}}],"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010686","name":"H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 743482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 743482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRG18R1\\180733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG18R1\\180733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUAG\/044 G101400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUAG\/044 G101400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhythmic sensory or electrical stimulation will produce rhythmic brain responses. These rhythmic responses are often interpreted as endogenous neural oscillations aligned (or \u201centrained\u201d) to the stimulus rhythm. However, stimulus-aligned brain responses can also be explained as a sequence of evoked responses, which only appear regular due to the rhythmicity of the stimulus, without necessarily involving underlying neural oscillations. To distinguish evoked responses from true oscillatory activity, we tested whether rhythmic stimulation produces oscillatory responses which continue after the end of the stimulus. Such sustained effects provide evidence for true involvement of neural oscillations. In Experiment 1, we found that rhythmic intelligible, but not unintelligible speech produces oscillatory responses in magnetoencephalography (MEG) which outlast the stimulus at parietal sensors. In Experiment 2, we found that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) leads to rhythmic fluctuations in speech perception outcomes after the end of electrical stimulation. We further report that the phase relation between electroencephalography (EEG) responses and rhythmic intelligible speech can predict the tACS phase that leads to most accurate speech perception. Together, we provide fundamental results for several lines of research\u2014including neural entrainment and tACS\u2014and reveal endogenous neural oscillations as a key underlying principle for speech perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T13:42:32Z","timestamp":1614346952000},"page":"e3001142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Sustained neural rhythms reveal endogenous oscillations supporting speech perception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-5938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sander","family":"van Bree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-6445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ediz","family":"Sohoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-0778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-2551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Zoefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3063","article-title":"Cortical oscillations and speech processing: emerging computational principles and operations","volume":"15","author":"A-L Giraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4186","article-title":"Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech","volume":"19","author":"N Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00320","article-title":"Neural Oscillations Carry Speech Rhythm through to Comprehension.","volume":"3","author":"JE Peelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00651","article-title":"The Role of High-Level Processes for Oscillatory Phase Entrainment to Speech Sound.","volume":"9","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs118","article-title":"Phase-locked responses to speech in human auditory cortex are enhanced during comprehension","volume":"23","author":"JE Peelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001752","article-title":"Speech rhythms and multiplexed oscillatory sensory coding in the human brain","volume":"11","author":"J Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.11.071","article-title":"Phase Entrainment of Brain Oscillations Causally Modulates Neural Responses to Intelligible Speech","volume":"28","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01490","article-title":"Perception of Rhythmic Speech Is Modulated by Focal Bilateral Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation.","volume":"32","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.11.033","article-title":"Neural Entrainment to Speech Modulates Speech Intelligibility","volume":"28","author":"L Riecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.038","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation with speech envelopes modulates speech comprehension.","volume":"172","author":"A Wilsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116557","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation in the theta band but not in the delta band modulates the comprehension of naturalistic speech in noise.","volume":"210","author":"M Keshavarzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154735","article-title":"Entrainment of neuronal oscillations as a mechanism of attentional selection","volume":"320","author":"P Lakatos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.012","article-title":"Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection","volume":"32","author":"CE Schroeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.08.004","article-title":"Attentional Selection in the Listening Brain.","volume":"23","author":"J Obleser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.048","article-title":"Rhythmic Predictions Carried by Neural Oscillations","volume":"28","author":"ZB Speech Entrainment","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref016","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Involvement of Endogenous Neural Oscillations in the Processing of Rhythmic Input: More Than a Regular Repetition of Evoked Neural Responses.","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.023","article-title":"Neural Entrainment Determines the Words We Hear","volume":"28","author":"A K\u00f6sem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.303","article-title":"Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues","volume":"270","author":"RV Shannon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.01.1.p042","article-title":"Confidence intervals in within-subject designs: A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson\u2019s method.","author":"D. Cousineau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tutor Quant Methods Psychol."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820020116","article-title":"Frequency tagging cannot measure neural tracking of beat or meter","volume":"116","author":"VG Rajendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116175","article-title":"How to test for phasic modulation of neural and behavioural responses.","volume":"202","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00426","article-title":"How to Evaluate Phase Differences between Trial Groups in Ongoing Electrophysiological Signals.","volume":"10","author":"R. VanRullen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.008","article-title":"Brain Oscillations and the Importance of Waveform Shape.","volume":"21","author":"SR Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref024","first-page":"299859","article-title":"Parameterizing neural power spectra.","author":"M Haller","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523266113","article-title":"Perceptual learning of degraded speech by minimizing prediction error","volume":"113","author":"E Sohoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.001","article-title":"Information-Based Approaches of Noninvasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation","author":"V Romei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2016.1247970","article-title":"Transcranial electric stimulation for the investigation of speech perception and comprehension.","volume":"32","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lang Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13417-6","article-title":"Integrating electric field modeling and neuroimaging to explain inter-individual variability of tACS effects.","volume":"10","author":"FH Kasten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.005","article-title":"Using reciprocity for relating the simulation of transcranial current stimulation to the EEG forward problem.","volume":"140","author":"S Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18531650603","article-title":"Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Str\u00f6me in k\u00f6rperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche.","volume":"165","author":"H. Helmholtz","year":"1853","journal-title":"Ann Phys"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.059","article-title":"Optimal use of EEG recordings to target active brain areas with transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"157","author":"JP Dmochowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref032","first-page":"87","article-title":"Transcranial Electrical Neuromodulation Based on the Reciprocity Principle.","volume":"7","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-Corazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psych."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-007-0031-4","article-title":"Sensitivity of EEG and MEG to the N1 and P2 Auditory Evoked Responses Modulated by Spectral Complexity of Sounds","volume":"20","author":"AJ Shahin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919235","article-title":"Conveying Temporal Information to the Auditory System via Transcranial Current Stimulation","volume":"104","author":"L Riecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United with Acustica"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(49)90164-9","article-title":"The central effects of rhythmic sensory stimulation.","volume":"1","author":"VJ Walter","year":"1949","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10137","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1904-14.2014","article-title":"Stimulus-driven brain oscillations in the alpha range: entrainment of intrinsic rhythms or frequency-following response?","volume":"34","author":"C Keitel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014543","article-title":"Steady-state visual evoked potentials can be explained by temporal superposition of transient event-related responses.","volume":"6","author":"A Capilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.12.002","article-title":"Rhythmic facilitation of sensory processing: A critical review.","volume":"86","author":"S Haegens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref039","first-page":"201816414","article-title":"An oscillator model better predicts cortical entrainment to music","author":"KB Doelling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4385-13.2014","article-title":"Local entrainment of \u03b1 oscillations by visual stimuli causes cyclic modulation of perception","volume":"34","author":"E Spaak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060035","article-title":"Alpha-band rhythms in visual task performance: phase-locking by rhythmic sensory stimulation.","volume":"8","author":"TA de Graaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00288","article-title":"Making waves in the stream of consciousness: entraining oscillations in EEG alpha and fluctuations in visual awareness with rhythmic visual stimulation.","volume":"24","author":"KE Mathewson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.034","article-title":"The spectrotemporal filter mechanism of auditory selective attention","volume":"77","author":"P Lakatos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615576533","article-title":"The Rhythm of Perception: Entrainment to Acoustic Rhythms Induces Subsequent Perceptual Oscillation.","volume":"26","author":"G Hickok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic cortical representations of perceptual filling-in for missing acoustic rhythm.","volume":"7","author":"FC Constantino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref046","article-title":"A silent disco: Persistent entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations underlies beat-based, but not memory-based temporal expectations.","author":"FL Bouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00138","article-title":"The theta-syllable: a unit of speech information defined by cortical function.","volume":"4","author":"O. Ghitza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.037","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying selective neuronal tracking of attended speech at a \u201ccocktail party","volume":"77","author":"EM Zion Golumbic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.014","article-title":"The leading sense: supramodal control of neurophysiological context by attention","volume":"64","author":"P Lakatos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0766","article-title":"Responses of Human Auditory Association Cortex to the Omission of an Expected Acoustic Event.","volume":"13","author":"HC Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19113","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19113","article-title":"Detecting and representing predictable structure during auditory scene analysis.","volume":"5","author":"E Sohoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(97)85548-1","article-title":"Human auditory cortex is activated by omissions of auditory stimuli.","volume":"25","author":"T Raij","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00407","article-title":"I know what is missing here: electrophysiological prediction error signals elicited by omissions of predicted \u201cwhat\u201d but not \u201cwhen.","volume":"7","author":"I SanMiguel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32065","article-title":"Probing the causal role of prestimulus interregional synchrony for perceptual integration via tACS.","volume":"6","author":"R Stonkus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref055","first-page":"7","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation: a review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes.","author":"CS Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616807","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","article-title":"Transcranial Alternating Current and Random Noise Stimulation: Possible Mechanisms.","volume":"2016","author":"A Antal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref057","volume-title":"Synchronization: Universal Concept: A Universal Concept in Nonlinear Sciences","author":"A. Pikovsky","year":"2008","edition":"1"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance","volume":"33","author":"MM Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.025","article-title":"Experiments and models of cortical oscillations as a target for noninvasive brain stimulation.","volume":"222","author":"F Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00211","article-title":"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: A Paradigm Shift in Understanding Brain Oscillations.","volume":"12","author":"J Vosskuhl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00010","article-title":"Modification of Brain Oscillations via Rhythmic Light Stimulation Provides Evidence for Entrainment but Not for Superposition of Event-Related Responses.","volume":"10","author":"A Notbohm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.049","article-title":"Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures","volume":"21","author":"G Thut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002577","article-title":"Prediction Errors but Not Sharpened Signals Simulate Multivoxel fMRI Patterns during Speech Perception","volume":"14","author":"H Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2015.1081703","article-title":"Prediction, Bayesian inference and feedback in speech recognition.","volume":"31","author":"D Norris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lang Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref065","volume-title":"Three functions of prediction error for Bayesian inference in speech perception","author":"M Davis","year":"2020","edition":"6"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00296","article-title":"Oscillatory Mechanisms of Stimulus Processing and Selection in the Visual and Auditory Systems: State-of-the-Art, Speculations and Suggestions.","volume":"11","author":"B Zoefel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130214","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0214","article-title":"On the cyclic nature of perception in vision versus audition","volume":"369","author":"R VanRullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.08.017","article-title":"Syllabic (\u223c2\u20135 Hz) and fluctuation (\u223c1\u201310 Hz) ranges in speech and auditory processing.","volume":"305","author":"E Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.06.008","article-title":"Phase-specific manipulation of rhythmic brain activity by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"13","author":"M Fiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.83.5.405","article-title":"Perceptual Centers (P-centers).","author":"J Morton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.853302","article-title":"Applications of the signal space separation method","volume":"53","author":"S Taulu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data.","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00245","article-title":"Sustained Aftereffect of \u03b1-tACS Lasts Up to 70 min after Stimulation.","volume":"10","author":"FH Kasten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref074","unstructured":"CircStat: A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics | Berens | Journal of Statistical Software. [cited 2017 Jun 21]. Available: https:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/article\/view\/v031i10"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals","volume":"8","author":"JP Lachaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.03.008","article-title":"Mining event-related brain dynamics","volume":"8","author":"S Makeig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.003","article-title":"Scale-free brain activity: past, present and future.","volume":"18","author":"BJ He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116797","article-title":"Comparison of beamformer implementations for MEG source localization.","volume":"216","author":"A Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref080","article-title":"EEG\/MEG Source Imaging: Methods, Challenges, and Open Issues.","author":"K Wendel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623056","article-title":"Localization of brain electrical activity via linearly constrained minimum variance spatial filtering","volume":"44","author":"BD Van Veen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pbio.3001142.ref082","first-page":"707","article-title":"Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions and Reversals.","volume":"10","author":"VI Levenshtein","year":"1966","journal-title":"Sov Phys\u2014Dokl."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T13:53:44Z","timestamp":1615384424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Pack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001142","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.06.26.170761","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}