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Given melanin\u2019s broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate\u2014the most widely used herbicide globally\u2014inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in 2 evolutionary distant species,\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of\n                    <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    caterpillars following infection with the fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria-causing parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosate\u2019s mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation\u2013reduction balance. Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosate\u2019s environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T13:32:00Z","timestamp":1620826320000},"page":"e3001182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Daniel F. 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