{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:55:38Z","timestamp":1787021738525,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30HD093350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30HD093350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM007205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM007205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI007019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAPES-Yale program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination on pregnancy and fertility has become a major topic of public interest. We investigated 2 of the most widely propagated claims to determine (1) whether COVID-19 mRNA vaccination of mice during early pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of birth defects or growth abnormalities; and (2) whether COVID-19 mRNA-vaccinated human volunteers exhibit elevated levels of antibodies to the human placental protein syncytin-1. Using a mouse model, we found that intramuscular COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during early pregnancy at gestational age E7.5 did not lead to differences in fetal size by crown-rump length or weight at term, nor did we observe any gross birth defects. In contrast, injection of the TLR3 agonist and double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or poly(I:C), impacted growth in utero leading to reduced fetal size. No overt maternal illness following either vaccination or poly(I:C) exposure was observed. We also found that term fetuses from these murine pregnancies vaccinated prior to the formation of the definitive placenta exhibit high circulating levels of anti-spike and anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) consistent with maternal antibody status, indicating transplacental transfer in the later stages of pregnancy after early immunization. Finally, we did not detect increased levels of circulating anti-syncytin-1 antibodies in a cohort of COVID-19 vaccinated adults compared to unvaccinated adults by ELISA. Our findings contradict popular claims associating COVID-19 mRNA vaccination with infertility and adverse neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T13:43:34Z","timestamp":1653399814000},"page":"e3001506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["No evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Lu-Culligan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tabachnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"P\u00e9rez-Then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tokuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valter","family":"Silva Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Miric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Brache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Cochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Catherine","family":"Muenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhasis","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiefang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insoo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelli","family":"Farhadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inci","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangge","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad B.","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7824-9856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akiko","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3320","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3320","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"J Allotey","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"510","key":"pbio.3001506.ref002","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Pregnant women with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 have increased composite morbidity compared with nonpregnant matched controls.","volume":"224","author":"CA DeBolt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3","article-title":"Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status\u2014United States, January 22-October 3, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"LD Zambrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e2","article-title":"Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy\u2014SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"KR Woodworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref005","article-title":"Increased Risk of Severe COVID-19 Disease in Pregnancy in a Multicenter Propensity Score-Matched Study.","author":"L Cojocaru","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref006","article-title":"\u201cClinical characteristics, symptoms, management and health outcomes in 8,598 pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to 27,510 with seasonal influenza in France, Spain and the US: a network cohort analysis.\u201d","author":"LYH Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"75","key":"pbio.3001506.ref007","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Higher severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate in pregnant patients.","volume":"225","author":"EM Lokken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI147553","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine testing in pregnant females is necessary","volume":"131","author":"SL Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104983","article-title":"Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons","volume":"384","author":"TT Shimabukuro","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref010","article-title":"Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020\u201321.","author":"LH Zauche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Sq."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref011","article-title":"Spontaneous Abortion Following COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy.","author":"EO Kharbanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100467","article-title":"Pregnancy and birth outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in pregnancy.","author":"RN Theiler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"LR Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20226-9","article-title":"Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom.","volume":"12","author":"J Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among reproductive-aged female tier 1A healthcare workers in a United States Medical Center.","author":"C Townsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13713","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant women","volume":"154","author":"S Goncu Ayhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100403","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant, breastfeeding, and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women.","volume":"3","author":"D Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1658","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant and Lactating Women","volume":"325","author":"EH Adhikari","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00525-y","article-title":"Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy?","volume":"21","author":"V. Male","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.02.012","article-title":"Syncytin 1 in the human placenta","volume":"33","author":"BS Holder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00773-x","article-title":"No crossreactivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies with Syncytin-1","volume":"18","author":"M Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref023","article-title":"Addressing anti-syncytin antibody levels, and fertility and breastfeeding concerns, following BNT162B2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.","author":"CN Mattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab182","article-title":"Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"36","author":"Y Bentov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref025","first-page":"253","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein seropositivity from vaccination or infection does not cause sterility.","volume":"2","author":"RS Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"F S Rep"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00757-6","article-title":"Does mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine influence patients\u2019 performance during IVF-ET cycle?","volume":"19","author":"R Orvieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref027","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy: rate of vaccination and maternal and neonatal outcomes, a multicentre retrospective cohort study.","author":"M Rottenstreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2030455","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30455","article-title":"Assessment of Maternal and Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load, Transplacental Antibody Transfer, and Placental Pathology in Pregnancies During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"3","author":"AG Edlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002918","article-title":"Newborn Dried Blood Spots for Serologic Surveys of COVID-19.","volume":"39","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154834","article-title":"Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"131","author":"O Beharier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref031","article-title":"Efficient maternofetal transplacental transfer of anti- SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination","author":"A Rottenstreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.035","article-title":"Cord blood antibodies following maternal coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination during pregnancy.","volume":"225","author":"LB Mithal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004438","article-title":"Antibody Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Messenger RNA Vaccination in Pregnant Women and Transplacental Passage Into Cord Blood.","volume":"138","author":"M Prabhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"303","key":"pbio.3001506.ref034","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study","volume":"225","author":"KJ Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5782","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Breast Milk After COVID-19 Vaccination of Breastfeeding Women","volume":"325","author":"SH Perl","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.031","article-title":"Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies induced in breast milk after Pfizer-BioNTech\/BNT162b2 vaccination.","volume":"225","author":"JC Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref037","article-title":"Immune Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in Breastfeeding Health Workers.","volume":"9","author":"K Jakuszko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref038","first-page":"908","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters maternal and embryonic zinc metabolism and is developmentally toxic in mice","volume":"125","author":"MW Taubeneck","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000199906.37619.9c","article-title":"Dietary Zinc Supplementation Ameliorates LPS-Induced Teratogenicity in Mice","volume":"59","author":"JSC Chua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900788","article-title":"TLR9 Activation Coupled to IL-10 Deficiency Induces Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"183","author":"JE Thaxton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn027","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Teratogenesis in Mice","volume":"103","author":"L Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0912442","article-title":"Interleukin-15 is required for maximal lipopolysaccharide-induced abortion","volume":"93","author":"AJ Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.017","article-title":"Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development","volume":"49","author":"LJ Yockey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.005","article-title":"Evolution of a maternal immune activation (mIA) model in rats: Early developmental effects.","volume":"75","author":"KN Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203488","article-title":"NKG2D blockade inhibits poly(I:C)-triggered fetal loss in wild type but not in IL-10-\/- mice.","volume":"190","author":"JE Thaxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7889","key":"pbio.3001506.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04085-y","article-title":"Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity","volume":"600","author":"C Lucas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191766","article-title":"Antibodies against human endogenous retrovirus K102 envelope activate neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"218","author":"M Tokuyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.051","article-title":"N(1)-methylpseudouridine-incorporated mRNA outperforms pseudouridine-incorporated mRNA by providing enhanced protein expression and reduced immunogenicity in mammalian cell lines and mice.","volume":"217","author":"O Andries","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0232","article-title":"Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development","volume":"146","author":"KM Adams Waldorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pbio.3001506.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(14)70014-3","article-title":"IUGR and infections.","volume":"90","author":"S Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref051","first-page":"591","article-title":"Maternal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with a robust inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface.","volume":"2","author":"A Lu-Culligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (N Y)."},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.027","article-title":"Compromised SARS-CoV-2-specific placental antibody transfer","volume":"184","author":"C Atyeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw027","article-title":"Maternal Immunization Earlier in Pregnancy Maximizes Antibody Transfer and Expected Infant Seropositivity Against Pertussis","volume":"62","author":"CS Eberhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix046","article-title":"Pertussis Antibody Transfer to Preterm Neonates After Second- Versus Third-Trimester Maternal Immunization","volume":"64","author":"CS Eberhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"237","key":"pbio.3001506.ref055","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The optimal gestation for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"215","author":"MA Naidu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14298","article-title":"Association Between Third-Trimester Tdap Immunization and Neonatal Pertussis Antibody Concentration","volume":"320","author":"CM Healy","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.038","article-title":"The effect of timing of maternal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy on newborn pertussis antibody levels\u2014a prospective study.","volume":"32","author":"B Abu-Raya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","article-title":"A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans","volume":"26","author":"F Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"C Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","article-title":"Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"MC Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"pbio.3001506.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","article-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"EM Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T23:33:31Z","timestamp":1700609611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001506"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eng Eong","family":"Ooi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}