{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:09Z","timestamp":1792788789549,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001608","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000}}],"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"SNSF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PP00PP_176954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP00PP_176954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["1135116N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1135116N"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["G0C7118N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0C7118N"]}]},{"name":"KU Leuven Research Fund","award":["PDM\/20\/118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDM\/20\/118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Virulence gene expression can represent a substantial fitness cost to pathogenic bacteria. In the model entero-pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm), such cost favors emergence of attenuated variants during infections that harbor mutations in transcriptional activators of virulence genes (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>hilD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>hilC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Therefore, understanding the cost of virulence and how it relates to virulence regulation could allow the identification and modulation of ecological factors to drive the evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm toward attenuation. In this study, investigations of membrane status and stress resistance demonstrate that the wild-type (WT) expression level of virulence factors embedded in the envelope increases membrane permeability and sensitizes\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm to membrane stress. This is independent from a previously described growth defect associated with virulence gene expression in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm. Pretreating the bacteria with sublethal stress inhibited virulence expression and increased stress resistance. This trade-off between virulence and stress resistance could explain the repression of virulence expression in response to harsh environments in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm. Moreover, we show that virulence-associated stress sensitivity is a burden during infection in mice, contributing to the inherent instability of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .Tm virulence. As most bacterial pathogens critically rely on deploying virulence factors in their membrane, our findings could have a broad impact toward the development of antivirulence strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T14:12:43Z","timestamp":1649340763000},"page":"e3001608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The expression of virulence genes increases membrane permeability and sensitivity to envelope stress in Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Sobota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-839X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pilar Natalia","family":"Rodilla Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-3913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Cambr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-5007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Rocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-0805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Mortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Gervais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiphaine","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Cornillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-9706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dany","family":"Chauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-9569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Hug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-198X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Julou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-2305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abram","family":"Aertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0851-4391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Diard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6086","key":"pbio.3001608.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222195","article-title":"Regulated virulence controls the ability of a pathogen to compete with the gut microbiota","volume":"336","author":"N Kamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pbio.3001608.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00949","article-title":"Regulatory principles governing Salmonella and Yersinia virulence","volume":"6","author":"M Erhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pbio.3001608.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.05.009","article-title":"Who\u2019s in control? 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