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This fundamental feature of homo sapiens has been one of the most powerful forces sculpting the advent of modern civilizations. But what determines whether humans choose to help one another? Across 3 replicating studies, here, we demonstrate that sleep loss represents one previously unrecognized factor dictating whether humans choose to help each other, observed at 3 different scales (within individuals, across individuals, and across societies). First, at an individual level, 1 night of sleep loss triggers the withdrawal of help from one individual to another. Moreover, fMRI findings revealed that the withdrawal of human helping is associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality. Second, at a group level, ecological night-to-night reductions in sleep across several nights predict corresponding next-day reductions in the choice to help others during day-to-day interactions. Third, at a large-scale national level, we demonstrate that 1 h of lost sleep opportunity, inflicted by the transition to Daylight Saving Time, reduces real-world altruistic helping through the act of donation giving, established through the analysis of over 3 million charitable donations. Therefore, inadequate sleep represents a significant influential force determining whether humans choose to help one another, observable across micro- and macroscopic levels of civilized interaction. The implications of this effect may be non-trivial when considering the essentiality of human helping in the maintenance of cooperative, civil society, combined with the reported decline in sufficient sleep in many first-world nations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T17:27:07Z","timestamp":1661275627000},"page":"e3001733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sleep loss leads to the withdrawal of human helping across individuals, groups, and large-scale societies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Eti","family":"Ben Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Vallat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-6389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3001733.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.008","article-title":"Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees","volume":"13","author":"F Warneken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3001733.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.036","article-title":"The evolution of human cooperation","volume":"29","author":"CL Apicella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001733.ref003","article-title":"Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives","author":"NA Christakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Little, Brown"},{"key":"pbio.3001733.ref004","article-title":"Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami. 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