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Although ZIKV was first isolated in Uganda, Africa has so far been exempt from large-scale ZIKV epidemics, despite widespread susceptibility among African human populations. A possible explanation for this pattern is natural variation among populations of the primary vector of ZIKV, the mosquito <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>. Globally invasive populations of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> outside of Africa are considered effective ZIKV vectors because they are human specialists with high intrinsic ZIKV susceptibility, whereas African populations of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> across the species\u2019 native range are predominantly generalists with low intrinsic ZIKV susceptibility, making them less likely to spread viruses in the human population. We test this idea by studying a notable exception to the patterns observed across most of Africa: Cape Verde experienced a large ZIKV outbreak in 2015 to 2016. We find that local <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> in Cape Verde have substantial human-specialist ancestry, show a robust behavioral preference for human hosts, and exhibit increased susceptibility to ZIKV infection, consistent with a key role for variation among mosquito populations in ZIKV epidemiology. These findings suggest that similar human-specialist populations of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> in the nearby Sahel region of West Africa, which may be expanding in response to rapid urbanization, could serve as effective vectors for ZIKV in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1666807262000},"page":"e3001864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Enhanced mosquito vectorial capacity underlies the Cape Verde Zika epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Noah H.","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Dabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silv\u00e2nia","family":"da Veiga Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massamba","family":"Sylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh T.","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou A.","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn S.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-2138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louis","family":"Lambrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3001864.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pbio.3001864.ref002","volume-title":"Aedes aegypti: The Yellow Fever Mosquito","author":"SR Christophers","year":"1960"},{"issue":"11","key":"pbio.3001864.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy119","article-title":"Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector Genomics and Epidemiology records","volume":"68","author":"JR Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001864.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002588","article-title":"Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens","volume":"8","author":"DL Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001864.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00373-9","article-title":"Flavivirus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti","volume":"33","author":"WC Black","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"pbio.3001864.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-024918","article-title":"The global expansion of dengue: how Aedes aegypti mosquitoes enabled the first pandemic arbovirus","volume":"65","author":"OJ Brady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pbio.3001864.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050715-105122","article-title":"Zika, Chikungunya, and Other Emerging Vector-Borne Viral Diseases","volume":"69","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"pbio.3001864.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection\u2014After the Pandemic","volume":"381","author":"D Musso","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3001864.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika virus (I). 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