{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:06:04Z","timestamp":1788289564534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000}}],"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Basic Research Program","award":["2021ZD0202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0202101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171080, 71942003, 32161143022, and 31900766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171080, 71942003, 32161143022, and 31900766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research, Ministry of Education of China","award":["19JZD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JZD010"]}]},{"name":"CAS-VPST Silk Road Science Fund 2021","award":["GLHZ202128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLHZ202128"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project","award":["202004b11020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202004b11020013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although previous studies have reported correlations between alpha oscillations and the \u201cretention\u201d subprocess of working memory (WM), causal evidence has been limited in human neuroscience due to the lack of delicate modulation of human brain oscillations. Conventional transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is not suitable for demonstrating the causal evidence for parietal alpha oscillations in WM retention because of its inability to modulate brain oscillations within a short period (i.e., the retention subprocess). Here, we developed an online phase-corrected tACS system capable of precisely correcting for the phase differences between tACS and concurrent endogenous oscillations. This system permits the modulation of brain oscillations at the target stimulation frequency within a short stimulation period and is here applied to empirically demonstrate that parietal alpha oscillations causally relate to WM retention. Our experimental design included both in-phase and anti-phase alpha-tACS applied to participants during the retention subprocess of a modified Sternberg paradigm. Compared to in-phase alpha-tACS, anti-phase alpha-tACS decreased both WM performance and alpha activity. These findings strongly support a causal link between alpha oscillations and WM retention and illustrate the broad application prospects of phase-corrected tACS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T15:25:48Z","timestamp":1676301948000},"page":"e3001999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Alpha oscillatory activity is causally linked to working memory retention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xueli","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginger Qinghong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajiguli","family":"Yimiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangtian","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueer","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Xiaonan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-De","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles Mc","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-0130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaochu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: theories, models, and controversies.","volume":"63","author":"A. Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3001999.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.006","article-title":"Visual working memory capacity: from psychophysics and neurobiology to individual differences.","volume":"17","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001999.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.255","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"TD Wager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(63)80063-8","article-title":"Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory.","volume":"2","author":"AW Melton","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Verbal Learning Verbal Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003","article-title":"EEG alpha oscillations: the inhibition-timing hypothesis","volume":"53","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3001999.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.8.877","article-title":"Oscillations in the alpha band (9\u201312 Hz) increase with memory load during retention in a short-term memory task.","volume":"12","author":"O Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pbio.3001999.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","article-title":"EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis","volume":"29","author":"W. Klimesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3001999.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20306","article-title":"Parieto-occipital sources account for the increase in alpha activity with working memory load","volume":"28","author":"AM Tuladhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.009","article-title":"Oscillatory activity during maintenance of spatial and temporal information in working memory.","volume":"51","author":"BM Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.041","article-title":"Trial-by-trial coupling between EEG and BOLD identifies networks related to alpha and theta EEG power increases during working memory maintenance.","volume":"44","author":"R Scheeringa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00846-7","article-title":"Frequency characteristics of evoked and oscillatory electroencephalic activity in a human memory scanning task","volume":"331","author":"B Schack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.06.005","article-title":"Endogenous Electric Fields May Guide Neocortical Network Activity","volume":"67","author":"F Froehlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00279","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation: a review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes.","volume":"7","author":"CS Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"34","key":"pbio.3001999.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5252-09.2010","article-title":"Transcranial Electric Stimulation Entrains Cortical Neuronal Populations in Rats","volume":"30","author":"S Ozen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00687","article-title":"Effects of weak transcranial alternating current stimulation on brain activity-a review of known mechanisms from animal studies","volume":"7","author":"D Reato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00120","article-title":"tACS Phase Locking of Frontal Midline Theta Oscillations Disrupts Working Memory Performance.","volume":"10","author":"BS Chander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref017","article-title":"Absence of Alpha-tACS Aftereffects in Darkness Reveals Importance of Taking Derivations of Stimulation Frequency and Individual Alpha Variability Into Account.","volume":"9","author":"HI Stecher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3001999.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.006","article-title":"No effects of slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on sleep-dependent memory consolidation in healthy elderly subjects.","volume":"6","author":"T Eggert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.016","article-title":"Real-time EEG-defined excitability states determine efficacy of TMS-induced plasticity in human motor cortex","volume":"11","author":"C Zrenner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.007","article-title":"Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS","volume":"13","author":"B Zrenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"27","key":"pbio.3001999.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013","article-title":"Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Modulates Large-Scale Cortical Network Activity by Network Resonance","volume":"33","author":"MM Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23021-2","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains alpha oscillations by preferential phase synchronization of fast-spiking cortical neurons to stimulation waveform.","volume":"12","author":"WA Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3001999.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.068","article-title":"Tremor Suppression by Rhythmic Transcranial Current Stimulation","volume":"23","author":"JS Brittain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001999.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1263","article-title":"The roles of alpha oscillation in working memory retention","volume":"9","author":"E Wianda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.09.010","article-title":"Parietal EEG alpha suppression time of memory retrieval reflects memory load while the alpha power of memory maintenance is a composite of the visual process according to simultaneous and successive Sternberg memory tasks","volume":"555","author":"S Okuhata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3736","key":"pbio.3001999.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3736.652","article-title":"High-speed scanning in human memory","volume":"153","author":"S. Sternberg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3001999.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.06.021","article-title":"After-effects of 10 Hz tACS over the prefrontal cortex on phonological word decisions","volume":"12","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83449-w","article-title":"Online and offline effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation of the primary motor cortex.","volume":"11","author":"I Pozdniakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"pbio.3001999.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0357-20.2020","article-title":"Enhancing Gamma Oscillations Restores Primary Motor Cortex Plasticity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"A Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3001999.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001272","article-title":"Offline beats online: transcranial direct current stimulation timing influences on working memory","volume":"30","author":"MA Friehs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"11","key":"pbio.3001999.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013766","article-title":"Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Enhances Individual Alpha Activity in Human EEG.","volume":"5","author":"T Zaehle","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00376.2019","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation attenuates BOLD adaptation and increases functional connectivity","volume":"123","author":"K Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00474","article-title":"Effects of Transcranial Stimulation With Direct and Alternating Current on Resting-State Functional Connectivity: An Exploratory Study Simultaneously Combining Stimulation and Multiband Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.","volume":"13","author":"M Mondino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"16","key":"pbio.3001999.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913113107","article-title":"Neuronal synchrony reveals working memory networks and predicts individual memory capacity","volume":"107","author":"JM Palva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3001999.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00379","article-title":"Working memory processes are mediated by local and long-range synchronization of alpha oscillations.","volume":"25","author":"M Crespo-Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001999.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.055","article-title":"An improved index of phase-synchronization for electrophysiological data in the presence of volume-conduction, noise and sample-size bias.","volume":"55","author":"M Vinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3001999.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.01975.x","article-title":"Frontal theta activity in humans increases with memory load in a working memory task","volume":"15","author":"O Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.036","article-title":"Functional connectivity among multi-channel EEGs when working memory load reaches the capacity","volume":"1631","author":"D Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pbio.3001999.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.10.038","article-title":"Retinal origin of phosphenes to transcranial alternating current stimulation.","volume":"121","author":"D Schutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.067","article-title":"Cutaneous retinal activation and neural entrainment in transcranial alternating current stimulation: A systematic review.","volume":"140","author":"D. Schutter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00579-0","article-title":"Frequency-specific effects of flicker on recognition memory","volume":"104","author":"J. Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-21","article-title":"10 Hz flicker improves recognition memory in older people.","volume":"7","author":"J Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"pbio.3001999.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12584","article-title":"Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"39","author":"PJ Fried","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.019","article-title":"Dissociable causal roles for left and right parietal cortex in controlling attentional biases from the contents of working memory.","volume":"100","author":"A Kiyonaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.100947","article-title":"An implementation of N-way repeated measures ANOVA: Effect coding, automated unpacking of interactions, and randomization testing.","volume":"7","author":"TE Gladwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"MethodsX."},{"issue":"20","key":"pbio.3001999.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.08.029","article-title":"Alpha oscillations serve to protect working memory maintenance against anticipated distracters","volume":"22","author":"M Bonnefond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.048","article-title":"Brain oscillatory correlates of working memory constraints","volume":"1375","author":"R Freunberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"pbio.3001999.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1285-17.2018","article-title":"Alpha Oscillations Are Causally Linked to Inhibitory Abilities in Ageing","volume":"38","author":"G Borghini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"pbio.3001999.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.08.062","article-title":"Brain Oscillatory Substrates of Visual Short-Term Memory Capacity","volume":"19","author":"P Sauseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3001999.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.02.065","article-title":"Causal Evidence for a Role of Theta and Alpha Oscillations in the Control of Working Memory","volume":"30","author":"J Riddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.12.004","article-title":"Alpha Power Increase After Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency (alpha-tACS) Reflects Plastic Changes Rather Than Entrainment.","volume":"8","author":"A Vossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08183-w","article-title":"tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves.","volume":"10","author":"B Asamoah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3001999.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00823-3","article-title":"Effects of load and emotional state on EEG alpha-band power and inter-site synchrony during a visual working memory task.","volume":"20","author":"JSB Figueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The effect of gamma-tACS on working memory performance in healthy controls","volume":"101","author":"KE Hoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22001","article-title":"Externally induced frontoparietal synchronization modulates network dynamics and enhances working memory performance.","volume":"6","author":"IR Violante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0211-y","article-title":"Relevance of EEG alpha and theta oscillations during task switching","volume":"170","author":"P Sauseng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.016","article-title":"The strength of alpha and gamma oscillations predicts behavioral switch costs.","volume":"188","author":"AL Proskovec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000337","article-title":"Power contours: Optimising sample size and precision in experimental psychology and human neuroscience","volume":"26","author":"DH Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.035","article-title":"Different coupling modes mediate cortical cross-frequency interactions.","volume":"140","author":"RF Helfrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.047","article-title":"Low-frequency alternating current stimulation rhythmically suppresses gamma-band oscillations and impairs perceptual performance.","volume":"184","author":"JD Herring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"16","key":"pbio.3001999.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.044","article-title":"Feedback-Controlled Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Reveals a Functional Role of Sleep Spindles in Motor Memory Consolidation","volume":"26","author":"C Lustenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00366","article-title":"Transient Amplitude Modulation of Alpha-Band Oscillations by Short-Time Intermittent Closed-Loop tACS.","volume":"14","author":"G Zarubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00867","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effects of Closed-Loop tACS Delivered During Slow-Wave Oscillations on Memory Consolidation.","volume":"12","author":"AP Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"33","key":"pbio.3001999.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7314","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0273-18.2018","article-title":"Closed-Loop Slow-Wave tACS Improves Sleep-Dependent Long-Term Memory Generalization by Modulating Endogenous Oscillations","volume":"38","author":"N Ketz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940303400305","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalographic studies of cue-induced cocaine craving.","volume":"34","author":"MS Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences.","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001999.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00527-7","article-title":"The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements.","volume":"112","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00067","article-title":"The Effects of 10Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Audiovisual Task Switching.","volume":"12","author":"MS Clayton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00161","article-title":"Orchestrating neuronal networks: sustained after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation depend upon brain states.","volume":"7","author":"T Neuling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3001999.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195050387.001.0001","volume-title":"Electric fields of the brain: the neurophysics of EEG","author":"PL Nunez","year":"2006"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3001999.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06051-6","article-title":"Gamma oscillations modulate working memory recall precision","volume":"239","author":"L Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3001999.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3001999.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-005-9001-0","article-title":"Comparison of AR and Welch methods in epileptic seizure detection.","volume":"30","author":"A Alkan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","article-title":"The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms","volume":"15","author":"P. Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3001999.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01461","article-title":"Working Memory Capacity Is Negatively Associated with Memory Load Modulation of Alpha Oscillations in Retention of Verbal Working Memory.","volume":"31","author":"Z Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"pbio.3001999.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20346","article-title":"Phase lag index: Assessment of functional connectivity from multi channel EEG and MEG with diminished bias from common sources","volume":"28","author":"CJ Stam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193587","article-title":"Availability of related long-term memory during and after attention focus in working memory.","volume":"34","author":"DJ Woltz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem Cognit."},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3001999.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0411-5","article-title":"Alternatives to switch-cost scoring in the task-switching paradigm: Their reliability and increased validity.","volume":"46","author":"MM Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3001999.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0721-5","article-title":"A comparison of methods to combine speed and accuracy measures of performance: A rejoinder on the binning procedure.","volume":"49","author":"A. Vandierendonck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3001999.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193886","article-title":"Throughput: a simple performance index with desirable characteristics.","volume":"38","author":"DR Thorne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T13:42:58Z","timestamp":1677850978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Hanslmayr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]}}}