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Here, across three studies, we show that two such component processes, linking reward to specific choices and estimating the global reward state, develop during human adolescence and are linked to the lateral portions of the prefrontal cortex. These processes reflect the assignment of rewards contingently to local choices, or noncontingently, to choices that make up the global reward history. Using matched experimental tasks and analysis platforms, we show the influence of both mechanisms increase during adolescence (study 1) and that lesions to lateral frontal cortex (that included and\/or disconnected both orbitofrontal and insula cortex) in human adult patients (study 2) and macaque monkeys (study 3) impair both local and global reward learning. Developmental effects were distinguishable from the influence of a decision bias on choice behaviour, known to depend on medial prefrontal cortex. Differences in local and global assignments of reward to choices across adolescence, in the context of delayed grey matter maturation of the lateral orbitofrontal and anterior insula cortex, may underlie changes in adaptive behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T18:50:15Z","timestamp":1677783015000},"page":"e3002010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Local and global reward learning in the lateral frontal cortex show differential development during human adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marco K.","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Scheuplein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie G.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-2471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"MaryAnn P.","family":"Noonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2355-19.2020","article-title":"Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Codes Information Relevant for Managing Explore\u2013Exploit Tradeoffs","volume":"40","author":"VD Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref002","article-title":"Subcortical Substrates of Explore-Exploit Decisions in Primates","author":"VD Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.027","article-title":"Model-based influences on humans\u2019 choices and striatal prediction errors","volume":"69","author":"ND Daw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3440","article-title":"Prefrontal mechanisms of behavioral flexibility, emotion regulation and value updating","volume":"16","author":"PH Rudebeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.014","article-title":"Frontal cortex and reward-guided learning and decision-making","volume":"70","author":"MF Rushworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.02.027","article-title":"Separable learning systems in the macaque brain and the role of orbitofrontal cortex in contingent learning","volume":"65","author":"MEM Walton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17343-w","article-title":"Global reward state affects learning and activity in raphe nucleus and anterior insula in monkeys","volume":"11","author":"MK Wittmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01128-w","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex interactions with the amygdala in primates","volume":"47","author":"EA Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref009","article-title":"Reward processing and reinforcement learning: from adolescence to aging","author":"J Cutler","year":"2022","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569578","article-title":"Social Influence on Risk Perception During Adolescence","volume":"26","author":"LJ Knoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1126\/science.77.1989.173.b","article-title":"A Proof of the Law of Effect","volume":"77","author":"EL Thorndike","year":"1933","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pbio.3002010.ref012","volume-title":"Animal Intelligence; 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