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Despite extensive in vitro experimentation, how\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    forms biofilms at the airway mucosa is unresolved. To investigate the process of biofilm formation in realistic conditions, we developed AirGels: 3D, optically accessible tissue\u2013engineered human lung models that emulate the airway mucosal environment. AirGels recapitulate important factors that mediate host\u2013pathogen interactions including mucus secretion, flow and air\u2013liquid interface (ALI), while accommodating high\u2013resolution live microscopy. With AirGels, we investigated the contributions of mucus to\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm biogenesis in in vivo\u2013like conditions. We found that\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    forms mucus\u2013associated biofilms within hours by contracting luminal mucus early during colonization. Mucus contractions facilitate aggregation, thereby nucleating biofilms. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    actively contracts mucus using retractile filaments called type IV pili. Our results therefore suggest that, while protecting epithelia, mucus constitutes a breeding ground for biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T13:22:09Z","timestamp":1690896129000},"page":"e3002209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pili actively induce mucus contraction to form biofilms in tissue-engineered human airways"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-619X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamara","family":"Rossy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Distler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas 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