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The perception of taste relies on new taste bud cells integrating with existing neural circuitry, yet how these new cells connect with a taste ganglion neuron is unknown. Do taste ganglion neurons remodel to accommodate taste bud cell renewal? If so, how much of the structure of taste axons is fixed and how much remodels? Here, we measured the motility and branching of individual taste arbors (the portion of the axon innervating taste buds) in mice over time with two-photon in vivo microscopy. Terminal branches of taste arbors continuously and rapidly remodel within the taste bud. This remodeling is faster than predicted by taste bud cell renewal, with terminal branches added and lost concurrently. Surprisingly, blocking entry of new taste bud cells with chemotherapeutic agents revealed that remodeling of the terminal branches on taste arbors does not rely on the renewal of taste bud cells. Although terminal branch remodeling was fast and intrinsically controlled, no new arbors were added to taste buds, and few were lost over 100 days. Taste ganglion neurons maintain a stable number of arbors that are each capable of high-speed remodeling. We propose that terminal branch plasticity permits arbors to locate new taste bud cells, while stability of arbor number supports constancy in the degree of connectivity and function for each neuron over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T17:40:14Z","timestamp":1693503614000},"page":"e3002271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rapid structural remodeling of peripheral taste neurons is independent of taste cell turnover"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7357-3916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary D.","family":"Whiddon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaleia B.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Alston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-4973","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron W.","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5025-3346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robin F.","family":"Krimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002271.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.27.2.263","article-title":"Renewal of cells within taste buds","volume":"27","author":"LM Beidler","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002271.ref002","first-page":"349","article-title":"Renewal of taste bud cells in rat circumvallate papillae","volume":"13","author":"AI Farbman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Kinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002271.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.061","article-title":"Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations","volume":"141","author":"R Hamamichi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002271.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053399","article-title":"Functional cell types in taste buds have distinct longevities","volume":"8","author":"I Perea-Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002271.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58991-8","article-title":"Expression of protocadherin-20 in mouse taste buds.","volume":"10","author":"F Hirose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"48","key":"pbio.3002271.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712881114","article-title":"Recovery of taste organs and sensory function after severe loss from Hedgehog\/Smoothened inhibition with cancer drug sonidegib","volume":"114","author":"A Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7667","key":"pbio.3002271.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23299","article-title":"Rewiring the taste system","volume":"548","author":"H Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002271.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03561-1","article-title":"Probing the multimodal fungiform papilla: complex peripheral nerve endings of chorda tympani taste and mechanosensitive fibers before and after Hedgehog pathway inhibition","volume":"387","author":"CR Donnelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002271.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12527","article-title":"Innervation of taste buds revealed with Brainbow-labeling in mouse","volume":"229","author":"FN Zaidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002271.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902700102","article-title":"Ultrastructure of mouse vallate taste buds: III. 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