{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:31:50Z","timestamp":1788341510972,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000}}],"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001391","name":"Whitehall Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-08-88"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-08-88"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, University of Michigan","award":["AG024824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG024824"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH063649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH063649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["T32-DC000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-DC000011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to process and act upon incoming sounds during locomotion is critical for survival and adaptive behavior. Despite the established role that the auditory cortex (AC) plays in behavior- and context-dependent sound processing, previous studies have found that auditory cortical activity is on average suppressed during locomotion as compared to immobility. While suppression of auditory cortical responses to self-generated sounds results from corollary discharge, which weakens responses to predictable sounds, the functional role of weaker responses to unpredictable external sounds during locomotion remains unclear. In particular, whether suppression of external sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflects reduced involvement of the AC in sound processing or whether it results from masking by an alternative neural computation in this state remains unresolved. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rather than simple inhibition, reduced sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflect a tradeoff with the emergence of explicit and reliable coding of locomotion velocity. To test this hypothesis, we first used neural inactivation in behaving mice and found that the AC plays a critical role in sound-guided behavior during locomotion. To investigate the nature of this processing, we used two-photon calcium imaging of local excitatory auditory cortical neural populations in awake mice. We found that locomotion had diverse influences on activity of different neurons, with a net suppression of baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses and neural stimulus detection, consistent with previous studies. Importantly, we found that the net inhibitory effect of locomotion on baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses was strongly shaped by elevated ongoing activity that compressed the response dynamic range, and that rather than reflecting enhanced \u201cnoise,\u201d this ongoing activity reliably encoded the animal\u2019s locomotion speed. Decoding analyses revealed that locomotion speed and sound are robustly co-encoded by auditory cortical ensemble activity. Finally, we found consistent patterns of joint coding of sound and locomotion speed in electrophysiologically recorded activity in freely moving rats. Together, our data suggest that rather than being suppressed by locomotion, auditory cortical ensembles explicitly encode it alongside sound information to support sound perception during locomotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1693489246000},"page":"e3002277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Auditory cortex ensembles jointly encode sound and locomotion speed to support sound perception during movement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Carlos Arturo","family":"Vivaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonyeup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MaryClaire","family":"Shorkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Keerthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-1020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gideon","family":"Rothschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2012.2189014","article-title":"A Wireless Sensory Feedback Device for Real-Time Gait Feedback and Training.","volume":"17","author":"CB Redd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ieee-Asme T Mech."},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702374","article-title":"As Light as your Footsteps: Altering Walking Sounds to Change Perceived Body Weight, Emotional State and Gait.","author":"A Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2015","journal-title":"CHI \u201915 Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems."},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4104-9","article-title":"Interactive footstep sounds modulate the perceptual-motor aftereffect of treadmill walking","volume":"233","author":"L Turchet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.08.021","article-title":"Interactive footsteps sounds modulate the sense of effort without affecting the kinematics and metabolic parameters during treadmill-walking","volume":"129","author":"L Turchet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Acoust"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref005","article-title":"Walking Pace Affected by Interactive Sounds Simulating Stepping on Different Terrains.","volume":"10","author":"L Turchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acm T Appl Percept."},{"issue":"37","key":"pbio.3002277.ref006","article-title":"Audio Feedback Associated With Body Movement Enhances Audio and Somatosensory Spatial Representation.","volume":"12","author":"AV Cuppone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2285410","article-title":"Synthesis of Walking Sounds for Alleviating Gait Disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"22","author":"MWM Rodger","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE T Neur Sys Reh."},{"issue":"7","key":"pbio.3002277.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr668oa","article-title":"Musical motor feedback (MMF) in walking hemiparetic stroke patients: randomized trials of gait improvement.","volume":"17","author":"M Schauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"38","key":"pbio.3002277.ref009","article-title":"Walking With Ears: Altered Auditory Feedback Impacts Gait Step Length in Older Adults","volume":"2","author":"T Cornwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active. Living"},{"issue":"19","key":"pbio.3002277.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.076","article-title":"The evolutionary biology of dance without frills","volume":"26","author":"A Ravignani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12632","article-title":"Dance and the brain: a review","volume":"1337","author":"FJ Karpati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Ny Acad Sci"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.003","article-title":"Intertrial auditory neural stability supports beat synchronization in preschoolers.","volume":"17","author":"KW Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neuros-Neth"},{"issue":"38","key":"pbio.3002277.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0612-13.2013","article-title":"The Ability to Move to a Beat Is Linked to the Consistency of Neural Responses to Sound","volume":"33","author":"A Tierney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13171","article-title":"Getting back on the beat: links between auditory-motor integration and precise auditory processing at fast time scales","volume":"43","author":"A Tierney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20018","article-title":"Moving on time: Brain network for auditory-motor synchronization is modulated by rhythm complexity and musical training","volume":"20","author":"JL Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cognitive Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040108","article-title":"Echolocating bats use a nearly time-optimal strategy to intercept prey","volume":"4","author":"K Ghose","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1398051","article-title":"Auditory scene analysis by echolocation in bats","volume":"110","author":"CF Moss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"Pt 24","key":"pbio.3002277.ref018","first-page":"4356","article-title":"Bats coordinate sonar and flight behavior as they forage in open and cluttered environments","volume":"217","author":"B Falk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"pbio.3002277.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01565","article-title":"Timing of praying mantis evasive responses during simulated bat attack sequences","volume":"208","author":"JD Triblehorn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref020","first-page":"150","author":"MW Fox","year":"1984"},{"issue":"25","key":"pbio.3002277.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2606","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322184111","article-title":"Immersive audiomotor game play enhances neural and perceptual salience of weak signals in noise","volume":"111","author":"JP Whitton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.019","article-title":"Multisensory integration of natural odors and sounds in the auditory cortex","volume":"72","author":"L Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4436","article-title":"Parallel processing by cortical inhibition enables context-dependent behavior","volume":"20","author":"KV Kuchibhotla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.04.031","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Task Switching in Prefrontal Cortex and Primary Auditory Cortex in a Novel Stimulus Selection Task for Rodents","volume":"82","author":"CC Rodgers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1032","article-title":"Processing of low-probability sounds by cortical neurons","volume":"6","author":"N Ulanovsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2688","article-title":"The auditory cortex mediates the perceptual effects of acoustic temporal expectation","volume":"14","author":"S Jaramillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7552","key":"pbio.3002277.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14225","article-title":"Selective corticostriatal plasticity during acquisition of an auditory discrimination task","volume":"521","author":"QJ Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7450","key":"pbio.3002277.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12077","article-title":"Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during auditory discrimination","volume":"497","author":"P Znamenskiy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117717109","article-title":"Task reward structure shapes rapid receptive field plasticity in auditory cortex","volume":"109","author":"SV David","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3002277.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2598","article-title":"Adaptive, behaviorally gated, persistent encoding of task-relevant auditory information in ferret frontal cortex","volume":"13","author":"JB Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60153","article-title":"Dissociation of task engagement and arousal effects in auditory cortex and midbrain.","volume":"10","author":"D Saderi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-014-0585-7","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation and deviance detection in the auditory system: experiments and models","volume":"108","author":"I. Nelken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.05.038","article-title":"Cortical Membrane Potential Signature of Optimal States for Sensory Signal Detection","volume":"87","author":"MJ McGinley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01289-5","article-title":"The cholinergic basal forebrain provides a parallel channel for state-dependent sensory signaling to auditory cortex","volume":"26","author":"F Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7517","key":"pbio.3002277.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13724","article-title":"A synaptic and circuit basis for corollary discharge in the auditory cortex","volume":"513","author":"DM Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3701","article-title":"Scaling down of balanced excitation and inhibition by active behavioral states in auditory cortex","volume":"17","author":"M Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0164-19.2019","article-title":"Movement and VIP Interneuron Activation Differentially Modulate Encoding in Mouse Auditory Cortex.","volume":"6","author":"J Bigelow","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"7723","key":"pbio.3002277.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0520-5","article-title":"A cortical filter that learns to suppress the acoustic consequences of movement","volume":"561","author":"DM Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618881","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.618881","article-title":"Effects of Locomotion in Auditory Cortex Are Not Mediated by the VIP Network.","volume":"15","author":"I Yavorska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits."},{"issue":"47","key":"pbio.3002277.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12010","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1564-16.2016","article-title":"Attenuation of Responses to Self-Generated Sounds in Auditory Cortical Neurons","volume":"36","author":"BP Rummell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"22","key":"pbio.3002277.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.09.064","article-title":"Precise movement-based predictions in the mouse auditory cortex","volume":"32","author":"NJ Audette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref042","article-title":"Filtering of self-generated sounds by auditory cortical neurons","volume":"227","author":"T. Sigurdsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.027","article-title":"Auditory Corticothalamic Neurons Are Recruited by Motor Preparatory Inputs","volume":"31","author":"KK Clayton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3002277.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab179","article-title":"Action-locked Neural Responses in Auditory Cortex to Self-generated Sounds","volume":"31","author":"D Reznik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5059","article-title":"Lateralized enhancement of auditory cortex activity and increased sensitivity to self-generated sounds.","volume":"5","author":"D Reznik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3723-14.2015","article-title":"Enhanced auditory evoked activity to self-generated sounds is mediated by primary and supplementary motor cortices","volume":"35","author":"D Reznik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.01.033","article-title":"Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex","volume":"65","author":"CM Niell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.028","article-title":"Arousal and locomotion make distinct contributions to cortical activity patterns and visual encoding","volume":"86","author":"M Vinck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"pbio.3002277.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2728-16.2017","article-title":"Locomotion Enhances Neural Encoding of Visual Stimuli in Mouse V1","volume":"37","author":"MC Dadarlat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pbio.3002277.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.012","article-title":"Locomotion controls spatial integration in mouse visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"A Ayaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10564-8","article-title":"Layer-specific integration of locomotion and sensory information in mouse barrel cortex.","volume":"10","author":"A Ayaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00686.2017","article-title":"Self-motion processing in visual and entorhinal cortices: inputs, integration, and implications for position coding","volume":"120","author":"MG Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3002277.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3567","article-title":"Integration of visual motion and locomotion in mouse visual cortex","volume":"16","author":"AB Saleem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7725","key":"pbio.3002277.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0516-1","article-title":"Coherent encoding of subjective spatial position in visual cortex and hippocampus","volume":"562","author":"AB Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1961.24.2.119","article-title":"Frequency Discrimination after Bilateral Ablation of Cortical Auditory Areas","volume":"24","author":"JM Goldberg","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.6.1746","article-title":"Contribution of auditory cortex to sound localization by the ferret (Mustela putorius).","volume":"57","author":"GL Kavanagh","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.10.024","article-title":"Flexible Sensory Representations in Auditory Cortex Driven by Behavioral Relevance","volume":"88","author":"HK Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90865-X","article-title":"Auditory-Cortex Lesions and Discrimination of Spatial Location by Rat","volume":"145","author":"JB Kelly","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.6.4.347","article-title":"Bilateral ablation of auditory cortex in Mongolian gerbil affects discrimination of frequency modulated tones but not of pure tones.","volume":"6","author":"FW Ohl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.12.015","article-title":"Discrimination of brief speech sounds is impaired in rats with auditory cortex lesions","volume":"219","author":"BA Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105080-00032","article-title":"An investigation of sensory deficits underlying the aphasia-like behavior of macaques with auditory cortex lesions","volume":"12","author":"IA Harrington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.4.673","article-title":"Discrimination of Tone Duration after Bilateral Ablation of Cortical Auditory Areas","volume":"28","author":"DP Scharloc","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pbio.3002277.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.222828","article-title":"Plasticity of spatial hearing: behavioural effects of cortical inactivation.","volume":"590","author":"FR Nodal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol-London."},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00124.2015","article-title":"Adaptive categorization of sound frequency does not require the auditory cortex in rats","volume":"114","author":"TL Gimenez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0340-19.2019","article-title":"Auditory Cortex Contributes to Discrimination of Pure Tones.","volume":"6","author":"C O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro."},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.3.879","article-title":"Hearing in the ferret (Mustela putorius): effects of primary auditory cortical lesions on thresholds for pure tone detection.","volume":"60","author":"GL Kavanagh","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62500","article-title":"Effects of visual inputs on neural dynamics for coding of location and running speed in medial entorhinal cortex.","volume":"9","author":"H Dannenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"7","key":"pbio.3002277.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.054","article-title":"Characterizing Speed Cells in the Rat Hippocampus","volume":"25","author":"Z Gois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6574","key":"pbio.3002277.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh4272","article-title":"Supramammillary regulation of locomotion and hippocampal activity","volume":"374","author":"JS Farrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"19","key":"pbio.3002277.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610121104","article-title":"Hippocampal place cell assemblies are speed-controlled oscillators","volume":"104","author":"C Geisler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.027","article-title":"Multiple Running Speed Signals in Medial Entorhinal Cortex","volume":"91","author":"JR Hinman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08902","article-title":"Activities of visual cortical and hippocampal neurons co-fluctuate in freely moving rats during spatial behavior.","volume":"4","author":"DC Haggerty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.008","article-title":"Discrete neocortical dynamics predict behavioral categorization of sounds","volume":"76","author":"B Bathellier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"pbio.3002277.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1732-20.2021","article-title":"Diversity of Receptive Fields and Sideband Inhibition with Complex Thalamocortical and Intracortical Origin in L2\/3 of Mouse Primary Auditory Cortex","volume":"41","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pbio.3002277.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4242","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw266","article-title":"Distinct Spatiotemporal Response Properties of Excitatory Versus Inhibitory Neurons in the Mouse Auditory Cortex","volume":"26","author":"I Maor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.069","article-title":"Parallel Processing of Sound Dynamics across Mouse Auditory Cortex via Spatially Patterned Thalamic Inputs and Distinct Areal Intracortical Circuits","volume":"27","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.019","article-title":"Small Networks Encode Decision-Making in Primary Auditory Cortex","volume":"97","author":"NA Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2490","article-title":"Dichotomy of functional organization in the mouse auditory cortex","volume":"13","author":"S Bandyopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3002277.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2484","article-title":"Functional organization and population dynamics in the mouse primary auditory cortex","volume":"13","author":"G Rothschild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014038","article-title":"Global order and local disorder in brain maps","volume":"38","author":"G Rothschild","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3002277.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4457","article-title":"A cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop of information processing during memory consolidation","volume":"20","author":"G Rothschild","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.040","article-title":"Sensorimotor mismatch signals in primary visual cortex of the behaving mouse","volume":"74","author":"GB Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3002277.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4385","article-title":"Experience-dependent spatial expectations in mouse visual cortex","volume":"19","author":"A Fiser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3002277.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.05.005","article-title":"Movement-Related Signals in Sensory Areas: Roles in Natural Behavior","volume":"43","author":"PRL Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2306","article-title":"Engaging in an auditory task suppresses responses in auditory cortex","volume":"12","author":"GH Otazu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13289","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13289","article-title":"Pupil fluctuations track rapid changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity in cortex.","volume":"7","author":"J Reimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"50","key":"pbio.3002277.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911383116","article-title":"Arousal regulates frequency tuning in primary auditory cortex","volume":"116","author":"PA Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00595.2019","article-title":"Pupil-associated states modulate excitability but not stimulus selectivity in primary auditory cortex","volume":"123","author":"ZP Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"pbio.3002277.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6382","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0430-16.2016","article-title":"Enhanced Spatial Resolution During Locomotion and Heightened Attention in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex","volume":"36","author":"PJ Mineault","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0136-23.2023","article-title":"Arousal and Locomotion Differently Modulate Activity of Somatostatin Neurons across Cortex.","volume":"10","author":"CF Khoury","year":"2023","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.05.038","article-title":"Cortical Membrane Potential Signature of Optimal States for Sensory Signal Detection","volume":"87","author":"MJ McGinley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pbio.3002277.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.02.004","article-title":"Spatial sensitivity of neurons in the anterior, posterior, and primary fields of cat auditory cortex","volume":"240","author":"IA Harrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.5.2723","article-title":"Correlation between the activity of single auditory cortical neurons and sound-localization behavior in the macaque monkey","volume":"83","author":"GH Recanzone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-01-00107.1981","article-title":"Functional classes of neurons in primary auditory cortex of the cat distinguished by sensitivity to sound location","volume":"1","author":"JC Middlebrooks","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3002277.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001878","article-title":"Egocentric and allocentric representations in auditory cortex","volume":"15","author":"SM Town","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10868-9","article-title":"Neurons in primary auditory cortex represent sound source location in a cue-invariant manner.","volume":"10","author":"KC Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pbio.3002277.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.01.001","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral studies of spatial coding in the auditory cortex","volume":"229","author":"AJ King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref098","first-page":"2925","article-title":"Novel Virtual Reality System for Auditory Tasks in Head-fixed Mice","volume":"2020","author":"S Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.021","article-title":"Motor output, neural states and auditory perception.","volume":"96","author":"D Reznik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3002277.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109927","article-title":"Encoding of acquired sound-sequence salience by auditory cortical offset responses","volume":"37","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3002277.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0031-22.2022","article-title":"Enhanced stability of complex sound representations relative to simple sounds in the auditory cortex.","volume":"9","author":"H Suri","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"pbio.3002277.ref102","first-page":"061507","article-title":"Suite2p: beyond 10,000 neurons with standard two-photon microscopy.","author":"M Pachitariu","year":"2017","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3002277.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.010","article-title":"Coordinated Excitation and Inhibition of Prefrontal Ensembles during Awake Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripple Events","volume":"90","author":"SP Jadhav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T04:22:38Z","timestamp":1730002958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manuel S.","family":"Malmierca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}