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Here, we show that a pathogenic <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm) exploits host polyamines for the functional expression of virulence factors. An <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm mutant strain lacking principal genes required for polyamine synthesis and transport exhibited impaired infectivity in mice. A polyamine uptake-impaired strain of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm was unable to inject effectors of the type 3 secretion system into host cells due to a failure of needle assembly. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm infection stimulated host polyamine production by increasing arginase expression. The decline in polyamine levels caused by difluoromethylornithine, which inhibits host polyamine production, attenuated <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm colonization, whereas polyamine supplementation augmented <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>Tm pathogenesis. 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