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The bacterium is closely related to the meningococcus, a leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Both these invasive bacterial species undergo autolysis when in the stationary phase of growth. Autolysis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) which is part of the life cycle of remarkably few bacteria and poses an evolutionary conundrum as altruistic death provides no obvious benefit for single-celled organisms. Here, we searched for genes present in these 2 invasive species but not in other members of the\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus. We identified a ~3.4 kb horizontally acquired region, we termed the\n                    <jats:italic>nap<\/jats:italic>\n                    island, which is largely restricted to the gonococcus and meningococcus. The\n                    <jats:italic>nap<\/jats:italic>\n                    island in the gonococcus encodes 3 cationic, bacteriocin-like peptides which have no detectable antimicrobial activity. Instead, the gonococcal\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    <jats:italic>eisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:underline>a<\/jats:underline>\n                    utolysis\n                    <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>\n                    eptides (Naps) promote autolytic cell death when bacteria enter the stationary phase of growth. Furthermore, strains lacking the Naps exhibit reduced autolysis in assays of PCD. Expression of Naps is likely to be phase variable, explaining how PCD could have arisen in these important human pathogens. NapC also induces lysis of human cells, so the peptides are likely to have multiple roles during colonisation and disease. The acquisition of the nap island contributed to the emergence of PCD in the gonococcus and meningococcus and potentially to the appearance of invasive disease in\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T13:37:17Z","timestamp":1738762637000},"page":"e3003001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacteriocin-like peptides encoded by a horizontally acquired island mediate Neisseria gonorrhoeae autolysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Katy","family":"Poncin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha A.","family":"McKeand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Kurzyp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile B.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabell","family":"Roberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Melia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Errin","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C. 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