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One manifestation of this link is that ZW\/ZZ sex-determination systems are associated with more male-skewed adult sex ratio (ASR, proportion of males in the adult population) than XX\/XY systems across tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Here, we investigate four demographic processes: male and female offspring production, sex differences in juvenile and adult mortalities and in timing of maturation that can contribute to ASR variation between XX\/XY and ZW\/ZZ systems, using phylogenetic analyses of a large dataset collected from tetrapod species in the wild. We show that sex differences in adult mortality reliably predict ASR that is also more male-biased in XX\/XY species than in ZW\/ZZ species. Sex differences in juvenile mortality and in maturation time also contribute to ASR skews, but do not differ consistently between XX\/XY and ZW\/ZZ systems. Phylogenetic path analyses confirm an influence of sex-determination system on ASR through sex-biased adult mortalities. Together these results infer that sex chromosomes can impact, via demographic pathways, frequency-dependent selection emerging from the relative number of males and females. We call for follow-up studies to uncover the potentially complex web of associations between sex determination, population dynamics, and social behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T17:44:33Z","timestamp":1747071873000},"page":"e3003156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Variation in adult sex ratios in tetrapods is linked to sex chromosomes through mortality differences between males and females"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-6056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivett","family":"Pipoly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"B\u00f3kony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lema\u00eetre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-0056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Sz\u00e9kely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Liker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003156.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2007.00724.x","article-title":"Adult sex ratios in wild bird populations","volume":"149","author":"PF Donald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3003156.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12415","article-title":"Adult sex ratio variation: implications for breeding system evolution","volume":"27","author":"T Sz\u00e9kely","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3003156.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04223-w","article-title":"Adult sex ratios: causes of variation and implications for animal and human societies","volume":"5","author":"R Schacht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003156.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12915","article-title":"Sex roles and sex ratios in animals","volume":"98","author":"PM Kappeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3003156.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00632.x","article-title":"Allee effects, mating systems and the extinction risk in populations with two sexes","volume":"7","author":"C Bessa\u2010Gomes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"50","key":"pbio.3003156.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505172102","article-title":"Sex ratio bias, male aggression, and population collapse in lizards","volume":"102","author":"J-F Le Galliard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pbio.3003156.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6977-0_4","article-title":"A demographic theory on the evolution of mating systems as exemplified by birds.","volume-title":"Evol Biol","author":"BG. 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