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However, cortical astrocytes also express neuromodulatory G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). While astrocytic noradrenergic receptors have been shown to modulate two critical regulators of arousal\u2014cortical synchrony and extracellular adenosine levels\u2014how other neuromodulatory signaling pathways similarly shape arousal remains unclear. Astrocytes in mammalian cortex express particularly high levels of the wake-promoting, Gq-coupled histamine-1-receptor (H1R), yet little is known about how astrocytic H1R contributes to regulation of arousal. To address this gap, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in murine cortex to test how astrocyte-H1R signaling affects astrocyte calcium (Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), cortical neural activity across sleep\/wake, and extracellular adenosine\u2014an astrocytic output that regulates cortical arousal. Using ex vivo two-photon Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    imaging in acute cortical slices, we show that H1R mediates cell-autonomous astrocyte Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    responses to histamine (HA) and attenuates responses to norepinephrine (NE). Next, in vivo fiber photometry and electrophysiology results show that H1R deletion in cortical astrocytes disrupts local astrocyte Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    during wake and extracellular adenosine dynamics specifically around REM sleep transitions, when HA release is minimal. Further, astrocyte-specific H1R deletion in cortex promotes wakefulness and reduces REM sleep time. Our results indicate that H1R activity modulates astrocyte responses to non-histaminergic inputs by inducing lasting changes in astrocyte physiology that modulate extracellular adenosine and REM sleep. Our findings contribute to an emerging model in which neuromodulator GPCRs synergistically shape astrocyte physiology to regulate arousal behavior and adenosine signaling in the cortex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T17:20:46Z","timestamp":1759425646000},"page":"e3003376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cortical astrocyte histamine-1-receptors regulate intracellular calcium and extracellular adenosine dynamics across sleep and wake"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Charlotte R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew 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