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Using in situ imaging of mouse model, we showed that brain-resident microglia vigilantly detect capillary-residing\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    prior to its blood\u2013brain barrier transmigration, but are less responsive to nonencapsulated fungi or parenchyma-injected\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Microglia migrate to and enwrap leaky capillaries harboring fungi, leading to fungal uptake but not clearance, instead promoting fungal growth. Microglial response is triggered by released capsule components, rather than the assembled capsule. In particular, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) plays a critical role by activating endothelial cells to release nucleotides which act on microglia P2Y12. 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