{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:46:38Z","timestamp":1791852398794,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-191815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-191815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BrainsCAN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BrainsCAN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NS132926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS132926"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past 70 years, neuroscience has gained a deep understanding of how the cerebellum supports basic motor functions. Anatomical, clinical, and neuroimaging studies, however, have also firmly established that the cerebellum holds an important role in cognition. Even though this topic has received considerable attention, we still do not know the exact nature of this contribution. This Unsolved Mystery reviews known facts about how the cerebellum contributes to cognition and identifies roadblocks that have prevented the development of a unified theory. Addressing these key questions should help the field develop the testable, falsifiable hypotheses that are needed to solve this intriguing question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:21:13Z","timestamp":1774286473000},"page":"e3003688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["How does the cerebellum contribute to cognitive functions?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-8532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Diedrichsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel D.","family":"McDougle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90261-3","article-title":"The numerical capacity of the human cortico-pontocerebellar system","volume":"13","author":"J Tomasch","year":"1969","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974","article-title":"Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain","volume":"513","author":"FAC Azevedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0543-2","article-title":"Cerebellar loops: a review of the nucleocortical pathway","volume":"13","author":"BD Houck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"15","key":"pbio.3003688.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23787","article-title":"Cerebellar premotor output neurons collateralize to innervate the cerebellar cortex: collateral pathway in mouse cerebellum","volume":"523","author":"BD Houck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.105013","article-title":"Non-allometric expansion and enhanced compartmentalization of Purkinje cell dendrites in the human cerebellum","volume":"14","author":"SE Busch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01594-7","article-title":"Climbing fibers provide essential instructive signals for associative learning","volume":"27","author":"NT Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003688.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar cortex","volume":"202","author":"D Marr","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar function","volume":"10","author":"JS Albus","year":"1971","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref009","first-page":"189","article-title":"Experimental verification of Marr-Albus\u2019 plasticity assumption for the cerebellum","volume":"33","author":"M Ito","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.06.019","article-title":"50 years since the marr, ito, and albus models of the cerebellum","volume":"462","author":"M Kawato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"pbio.3003688.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00154-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of cerebellar learning suggested by eyelid conditioning","volume":"10","author":"JF Medina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4879","key":"pbio.3003688.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3055293","article-title":"The neural basis for learning of simple motor skills","volume":"242","author":"SG Lisberger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pbio.3003688.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2197","article-title":"Links from complex spikes to local plasticity and motor learning in the cerebellum of awake-behaving monkeys","volume":"11","author":"JF Medina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3003688.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/62.1.1","article-title":"The cerebellum of man","volume":"62","author":"G Holmes","year":"1939","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.100.4.443","article-title":"Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills?","volume":"100","author":"HC Leiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref016","first-page":"31","article-title":"The cerebrocerebellar system.","volume-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","author":"JD Schmahmann","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3003688.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00626.2002","article-title":"An unfolded map of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and its projections to the cerebral cortex","volume":"89","author":"RP Dum","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pbio.3003688.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003","article-title":"Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate","volume":"23","author":"RM Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00040-5","article-title":"Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits","volume":"31","author":"FA Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref020","first-page":"707","article-title":"Structural cerebellar correlates of cognitive and motor dysfunctions in cerebellar degeneration","volume":"140","author":"K Kansal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","author":"JD Schmahmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr266","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive profile","volume":"134","author":"AM Tedesco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003688.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039","article-title":"Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"44","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003688.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.065","article-title":"Functional topography of the cerebellum for motor and cognitive tasks: an fMRI study","volume":"59","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3003688.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0436-x","article-title":"Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery","volume":"22","author":"M King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003688.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.2.153","article-title":"Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of singe words","volume":"1","author":"SE Petersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3003688.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52371-w","article-title":"A hierarchical atlas of the human cerebellum for functional precision mapping","volume":"15","author":"C Nettekoven","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12349","article-title":"Evolutionary mechanisms that generate morphology and neural-circuit diversity of the cerebellum","volume":"59","author":"M Hibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Growth Differ"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74159","article-title":"Convergent mosaic brain evolution is associated with the evolution of novel electrosensory systems in teleost fishes","volume":"11","author":"EL Schumacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22425","article-title":"Elephants have relatively the largest cerebellum size of mammals","volume":"295","author":"BC Maseko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220701332486","article-title":"The cerebellum: comparative and animal studies","volume":"6","author":"F Sultan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3003688.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13539","article-title":"Co-evolution of cerebral and cerebellar expansion in cetaceans","volume":"32","author":"AS Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35696","article-title":"A cerebellar substrate for cognition evolved multiple times independently in mammals","volume":"7","author":"JB Smaers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","volume":"688","author":"JD Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.024","article-title":"The Tolman-Eichenbaum machine: unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation","volume":"183","author":"JCR Whittington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.032","article-title":"Can we reconcile the declarative memory and spatial navigation views on hippocampal function?","volume":"83","author":"H Eichenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pbio.3003688.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00754-9","article-title":"Diversity and dynamism in the cerebellum","volume":"24","author":"CI De Zeeuw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101386","article-title":"Diversity of the nature of input and output signals in the cerebellum suggests a diversity of function","volume":"57","author":"J-JO de Xivry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.021","article-title":"Universal transform or multiple functionality? Understanding the contribution of the human cerebellum across task domains","volume":"102","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"RL Buckner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.010","article-title":"Spatial and temporal organization of the individual human cerebellum","volume":"100","author":"S Marek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.006","article-title":"Mapping the human brain\u2019s cortical-subcortical functional network organization","volume":"185","author":"JL Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81511","article-title":"A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum","volume":"12","author":"M King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref044","unstructured":"Diedrichsen J, Shahshahani L, Husain I, Ivry RBI. Making sense of the cerebellar BOLD signal. In: Brain, Data, and Science [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/diedrichsenlab.org\/BrainDataScience\/cerebellar_bloodflow"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.082","article-title":"Triple representation of language, working memory, social and emotion processing in the cerebellum: convergent evidence from task and seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses in a single large cohort","volume":"172","author":"X Guell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36652","article-title":"Functional gradients of the cerebellum","volume":"7","author":"X Guell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"12","key":"pbio.3003688.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109721","article-title":"Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain","volume":"36","author":"TJ Pisano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"pbio.3003688.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5521-12.2013","article-title":"Functional role of the cerebellum in gamma-band synchronization of the sensory and motor cortices","volume":"33","author":"D Popa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.96386","article-title":"Selective recruitment of the cerebellum evidenced by task-dependent gating of inputs","volume":"13","author":"L Shahshahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3974","article-title":"Synaptic diversity enables temporal coding of coincident multisensory inputs in single neurons","volume":"18","author":"FP Chabrol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3003688.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01403-7","article-title":"Optimal routing to cerebellum-like structures","volume":"26","author":"SP Muscinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref052","article-title":"Task-dependent optimal representations for cerebellar learning","volume":"12","author":"M Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref053","article-title":"Neural circuit mechanisms to transform cerebellar population dynamics for motor control in monkeys","author":"DJ Herzfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35395-y","article-title":"Synaptic basis of a sub-second representation of time in a neural circuit model","volume":"13","author":"A Barri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.019","article-title":"Shared cortex-cerebellum dynamics in the execution and learning of a motor task","volume":"177","author":"MJ Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3003688.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00873-x","article-title":"Cerebellar granule cell axons support high-dimensional representations","volume":"24","author":"F Lanore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01565-4","article-title":"Local synaptic inhibition mediates cerebellar granule cell pattern separation and enables learned sensorimotor associations","volume":"27","author":"EA Fleming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb07576.x","article-title":"The cerebellum and event timing","volume":"978","author":"RB Ivry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pbio.3003688.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612472203","article-title":"Predictive and reactive mechanisms in smile reciprocity","volume":"24","author":"EA Heerey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"7888","key":"pbio.3003688.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04143-5","article-title":"Reverse-translational identification of a cerebellar satiation network","volume":"600","author":"AYT Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3003688.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01700-9","article-title":"The cerebellum modulates thirst","volume":"27","author":"I Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8027","key":"pbio.3003688.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07816-z","article-title":"Neural circuit basis of placebo pain relief","volume":"632","author":"C Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"pbio.3003688.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0228-8","article-title":"Coordinated cerebellar climbing fiber activity signals learned sensorimotor predictions","volume":"21","author":"W Heffley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref064","article-title":"Cerebellar climbing fibers signal flexible, rapidly adapting reward predictions","author":"C Vignali","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref065","article-title":"The cerebellar components of the human language network","author":"C Casto","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"22","key":"pbio.3003688.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0038-06.2006","article-title":"Role of the olivo-cerebellar system in timing","volume":"26","author":"D Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00961.2007","article-title":"Specificity of inferior olive response to stimulus timing","volume":"100","author":"T Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pbio.3003688.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02933-5","article-title":"Dynamic inferior olive activation in a cognitive task: an fMRI study","volume":"230","author":"A Mundorf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"4","key":"pbio.3003688.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833be837","article-title":"Advances in functional imaging of the human cerebellum","volume":"23","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"7729","key":"pbio.3003688.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0633-x","article-title":"A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning","volume":"563","author":"Z Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36781","article-title":"Cerebellar involvement in an evidence-accumulation decision-making task","volume":"7","author":"B Deverett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1041","article-title":"Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors?","volume":"120","author":"C Limperopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pbio.3003688.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94584-z","article-title":"Similarities and differences in cerebellar alterations between youth born preterm and youth born with congenital heart disease","volume":"15","author":"S Palmis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pbio.3003688.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.016","article-title":"The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism","volume":"83","author":"SS-H Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9","key":"pbio.3003688.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab030","article-title":"Clinical features, neurologic recovery, and risk factors of postoperative posterior fossa syndrome and delayed recovery: a prospective study","volume":"23","author":"RB Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref076","article-title":"A protective role for the cerebellum in cognitive aging","author":"F d\u2019Oleire Uquillas","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pbio.3003688.ref077","article-title":"Selective coupling and decoupling coordinate distributed brain networks for precise action","author":"SM Lemke","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"}],"container-title":["PLOS Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:21:24Z","timestamp":1774286484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}