{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:06:54Z","timestamp":1789085214490,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003809","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000}}],"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI153483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI153483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006976","name":"Lilly Endowment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are gram-negative opportunistic pathogens that frequently colonize the human body and are major causes of infection. These bacteria are often co-isolated in polymicrobial urinary tract and lung infections, the latter of which is associated with increased disease severity and worse clinical outcomes. Despite their overlapping niches and clinical relevance, little is known about how these two pathogens interact and how those interactions influence human health. Given the growing recognition that microbial interactions are key drivers of disease, we investigated how\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    influence one another. We discovered an antagonistic interaction in which\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    restricts the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This inhibition is driven by phenazine production in\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , specifically the secondary metabolites pyocyanin and pyorubin, which are both necessary and sufficient to suppress\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth. Using a diverse set of clinical isolates, we found that this antagonism is strain-dependent. Both the susceptibility of\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    to phenazines and the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    to restrict\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth varies between strains. Moreover, the necessity of phenazine production is specific to the site of infection. Together, these findings demonstrate that strain background and environmental context are critical determinants of pathogen interactions. These findings reveal that both strain background and environmental redox conditions govern the ecological rules of pathogen interaction, providing a framework for predicting outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:43:21Z","timestamp":1779299001000},"page":"e3003809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental redox conditions and strain variation define phenazine-mediated antagonism in co-infecting bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Katlyn","family":"Todd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua 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