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One of these cues, carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), gates odorant and heat pathways and activates host-seeking behavior. The neuronal circuits underlying processing of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    information remain unclear. We used automated serial-section transmission electron microscopy (EM) to image and reconstruct the circuitry of the glomeruli that are innervated by the\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    maxillary palp, including the glomerulus that responds to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Notably, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -sensitive olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) make high levels of recurrent synaptic connections with one another, while making a low density of feedforward synapses. At some of these contacts between CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    OSNs, we observe ribbon-like presynaptic structures, which may further enhance recurrent signaling. We compared both feedforward and recurrent connectivity with all olfactory glomeruli in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and we found more recurrent connections between the\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -responsive OSNs than in any\n                    <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    glomeruli. We developed a computational circuit model that demonstrates recurrent synapses are necessary for robust CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    detection under normal physiological conditions. Together, elevated levels of recurrent connectivity and ribbon-like structures may amplify sensory information detected by CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -sensitive OSNs to support mosquito activation and sensitization by CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , even in the presence of high levels of other odorants in the environment. We propose that this circuit organization supports the salience of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a mosquito host cue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:21:28Z","timestamp":1789060888000},"page":"e3003959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recurrent synapses between CO2-sensitive olfactory sensory neurons enable robust CO2 detection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jialu","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Alford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Poncio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia Serratosa","family":"Capdevila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yervand","family":"Azatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"DePasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G. 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