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Thus, organ shape must emerge from carefully coordinated growth, especially in leaves that remain relatively flat as they grow. Here we explored the phenotype of the\n                    <jats:italic>jagged and wavy<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>jaw-D<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mutant in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in which the leaves do not remain flat. It has previously been shown that the\n                    <jats:italic>jaw-D<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>miR319<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which represses TCP transcription factors, thus delaying maturation of the leaf. We analyzed cell dynamics in wild type and\n                    <jats:italic>jaw-D<\/jats:italic>\n                    by performing time-lapse live imaging of developing leaves. We found that the progression of maturation from the tip of the leaf downward was delayed in\n                    <jats:italic>jaw-D<\/jats:italic>\n                    relative to wild type based on several markers of maturation, in agreement with the role of TCP transcription factors in promoting maturation. We further found that these changes in maturation were accompanied by differences in the coordination of growth across the leaf, particularly across the mediolateral axis, causing growth conflicts that prevent the leaf from remaining flat. Modeling revealed that curvature develops when growth is uneven across the leaf in the direction perpendicular to the direction of growth. Although leaf flatness is often framed as a problem that requires the local synchronization of growth on the abaxial versus adaxial sides (bottom\u00a0versus top) of the leaf, our results based on the\n                    <jats:italic>jaw-D<\/jats:italic>\n                    phenotype suggest that wild-type plants also need to coordinate growth more globally across the leaf blade to maintain flatness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:01:47Z","timestamp":1788890507000},"page":"e3003993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth-rate coordination across the width of a leaf preserves its flatness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Harline","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States of America"]},{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura J.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States of America"]},{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Fruleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","place":["Orsay, France"],"department":["LPTMS, CNRS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Center for Plant Molecular Biology"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"department":["Cluster of Excellence GreenRobust"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research","place":["Cologne, Germany"],"department":["Department of Comparative Development and Genetics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik","family":"Tavakolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Mathematics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Satterlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Biu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Mathematics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhyudai","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware","place":["Newark, Delaware, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-4717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arezki","family":"Boudaoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris","place":["Palaiseau, France"],"department":["LadHyX, CNRS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-2984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrienne H. 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