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The solitary ascidian\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    provides a unique model, as bottom body fragments regenerate while upper fragments fail to do so. By comparing these regenerative and non-regenerative contexts, we reveal striking differences in transcriptional dynamics and signaling environments. Combining flow cytometry, scRNA-seq, transplantation, and fate mapping, we identified a candidate stem cell population with robust proliferative and differentiation potential following transplantation. However, regenerative capacity does not simply reflect stem cell abundance, but instead depends on region-specific signaling cues. Local expression of metabolic, immune and differentiation-related factors further underscores the importance of spatially distinct environments in shaping outcomes. Our findings show how a shared injury response is associated with divergent regenerative outcomes, highlighting principles that may inform strategies to enhance tissue repair in other systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3004000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:45:22Z","timestamp":1789753522000},"page":"e3004000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional signaling controls stem cell-mediated regeneration in an invertebrate chordate"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7799-7222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tal","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, California, United States of 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