{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:11:52Z","timestamp":1793502712196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T18:16:23Z","timestamp":1435256183000},"page":"e1004340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Antibiotic Restriction Might Facilitate the Emergence of Multi-drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Uri","family":"Obolski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon Y.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilach","family":"Hadany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03821.x","article-title":"Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe","volume":"18","author":"R Cant\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12028","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System","volume":"19","author":"M Kraker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden of antimicrobial resistance","author":"LL Maragakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical and economic burden of antimicrobial resistance"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001104","article-title":"Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe","volume":"8","author":"ME De Kraker","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm279","article-title":"Impact of antibiotic resistance and of adequate empirical antibiotic treatment in the prognosis of patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia","volume":"60","author":"G Peralta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.43-48.2006","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact","volume":"50","author":"V Aloush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000245666.28867.C6","article-title":"Multiple-drug-resistant bacteria in patients with severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcome*","volume":"34","author":"S Nseir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical care medicine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.03.014","article-title":"Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum","volume":"119","author":"JE McGowan Jr","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American journal of medicine"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70143-2","article-title":"Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study","volume":"10","author":"KK Kumarasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses","volume":"10","author":"SB Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/431892a","article-title":"Antibiotics: a shot in the arm","volume":"431","author":"M Leeb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.004","article-title":"Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: a bitter fight against evolution","volume":"303","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez-Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClure NS, Day T (2014) A theoretical examination of the relative importance of evolution management and drug development for managing resistance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281: 20141861.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1861"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01277-13","article-title":"The FDA Reboot of Antibiotic Development","volume":"57","author":"DM Shlaes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit152","article-title":"10\u00d7&apos;20 Progress\u2014development of new drugs active against gram-negative bacilli: an update from the infectious diseases society of america","volume":"56","author":"HW Boucher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1086\/652237","article-title":"The 10 \u201820 initiative: pursuing a global commitment to develop 10 new antibacterial drugs by 2020","volume":"50","author":"IP POLICY","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00490-0","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014the interplay between antibiotic use in animals and human beings","volume":"3","author":"RS Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70317-1","article-title":"The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"EM Wellington","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Medicine JH (2013) Antibiotic Guidelines 2013\u20132014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/amp\/guidelines\/Antibiotic_guidelines.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/amp\/guidelines\/Antibiotic_guidelines.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000085","article-title":"Hedging against antiviral resistance during the next influenza pandemic using small stockpiles of an alternative chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"JT Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2012.9.601","article-title":"Modeling the effects of introducing a new antibiotic in a hospital setting: A case study","volume":"9","author":"ML Joyner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mathematical biosciences and engineering: MBE"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.22.12106","article-title":"Evaluating treatment protocols to prevent antibiotic resistance","volume":"94","author":"S Bonhoeffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1938","article-title":"The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in hospitals: paradoxes and prescriptions","volume":"97","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402298101","article-title":"Ecological theory suggests that antimicrobial cycling will not reduce antimicrobial resistance in hospitals","volume":"101","author":"CT Bergstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-89","article-title":"Implications of stress-induced genetic variation for minimizing multidrug resistance in bacteria","volume":"10","author":"U Obolski","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004225","article-title":"Cycling empirical antibiotic therapy in hospitals: meta-analysis and models","volume":"10","author":"PA zur Wiesch","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6908","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive-care hospital settings: transmission dynamics, persistence, and the impact of infection control programs","volume":"96","author":"DJ Austin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/5.2.223","article-title":"The analysis of hospital infection data using hidden Markov models","volume":"5","author":"B Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1995.tb04366.x","article-title":"Development of resistance during antimicrobial therapy: a review of antibiotic classes and patient characteristics in 173 studies","volume":"15","author":"DN Fish","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017607","article-title":"Development of resistance during antibiotic therapy","volume":"6","author":"D Milatovic","year":"1987","journal-title":"European journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.12.013","article-title":"Trends in linezolid susceptibility patterns in 2002: report from the worldwide Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum Program","volume":"52","author":"JE Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1086\/673974","article-title":"Pediatric Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends across the United States","volume":"34","author":"PD Tamma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.43","article-title":"BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method","volume":"48","author":"JM Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref35"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401324101","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and the community: stealth dynamics and control catastrophes","volume":"101","author":"B Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.07.005","article-title":"Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis","volume":"115","author":"S Harbarth","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American journal of medicine"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.146","article-title":"The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting","volume":"118","author":"EH Ibrahim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest Journal"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"DI Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1479","article-title":"Effects of environment on compensatory mutations to ameliorate costs of antibiotic resistance","volume":"287","author":"J Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001334","article-title":"On being the right size: the impact of population size and stochastic effects on the evolution of drug resistance in hospitals and the community","volume":"7","author":"RD Kouyos","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003344.pub3","article-title":"Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis","volume":"1","author":"M Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.159-164.2002","article-title":"Importance of local variations in antibiotic consumption and geographical differences of erythromycin and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"40","author":"C Garc\u00eda-Rey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.035","article-title":"Global and local variations in antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance development in the major respiratory pathogens","volume":"30","author":"C Alpuche","year":"2007","journal-title":"International journal of antimicrobial agents"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Resistance profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci contaminating blood cultures predict pathogen resistance and patient mortality","author":"U Obolski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: dku156"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001094","article-title":"Informed switching strongly decreases the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in hospital wards","volume":"7","author":"RD Kouyos","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T18:19:17Z","timestamp":1717957157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004340"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]]}}}