{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:17:52Z","timestamp":1793161072182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003135","name":"Fondation Fyssen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T13:27:06Z","timestamp":1560432426000},"page":"e1006989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Sequential exploration in the Iowa gambling task: Validation of a new computational model in a large dataset of young and old healthy participants"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-3976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romain","family":"Ligneul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"A Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802352992","article-title":"Comparison of decision learning models using the generalization criterion method","volume":"32","author":"W-Y Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.3.253","article-title":"A contribution of cognitive decision models to clinical assessment: decomposing performance on the Bechara gambling task","volume":"14","author":"JR Busemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00640","article-title":"Decomposing the roles of perseveration and expected value representation in models of the Iowa gambling task","volume":"4","author":"DA Worthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"184","article-title":"To simulate or not? Comment on Steingroever, Wetzels, and Wagenmakers (2014)","volume":"1","author":"E Konstantinidis","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"The Outcome-Representation Learning Model: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Model of the Iowa Gambling Task","author":"N Haines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001293","article-title":"Reasoning, learning, and creativity: frontal lobe function and human decision-making","volume":"10","author":"A Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04766","article-title":"Cortical substrates for exploratory decisions in humans","volume":"441","author":"ND Daw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14544","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2322-15.2015","article-title":"Transcranial Stimulation over Frontopolar Cortex Elucidates the Choice Attributes and Neural Mechanisms Used to Resolve Exploration\u2013Exploitation Trade-Offs","volume":"35","author":"A Raja Beharelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038199","article-title":"Humans use directed and random exploration to solve the explore-exploit dilemma","volume":"143","author":"RC Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.1998.712192","article-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"RS Sutton","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Machado MC, Srinivasan S, Bowling MH. Domain-Independent Optimistic Initialization for Reinforcement Learning. AAAI Workshop: Learning for. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/aaai.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">aaai.org<\/ext-link>; 2015; Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/WS\/AAAIW15\/paper\/viewFile\/10103\/10218\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/WS\/AAAIW15\/paper\/viewFile\/10103\/10218<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5334\/jopd.ak","article-title":"Data from 617 Healthy Participants Performing the Iowa Gambling Task: A \u201cMany Labs\u201d Collaboration","volume":"3","author":"H Steingroever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Open Psychology Data"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.011","article-title":"The Importance of Falsification in Computational Cognitive Modeling","volume":"21","author":"S Palminteri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.2.220","article-title":"Older adults as adaptive decision makers: evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"20","author":"S Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00053","article-title":"Foraging across the life span: is there a reduction in exploration with aging?","volume":"7","author":"R Mata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Searching for rewards like a child means less generalization and more directed exploration","author":"E Schulz","journal-title":"Searching for rewards like a child means less generalization and more directed exploration"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003441","article-title":"VBA: a probabilistic treatment of nonlinear models for neurobiological and behavioural data","volume":"10","author":"J Daunizeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes Factors","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.02.002","article-title":"The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers","volume":"9","author":"A Bechara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.142","article-title":"Predictive coding","volume":"2","author":"Y Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2015.1020053","article-title":"Active inference and epistemic value","volume":"6","author":"K Friston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","article-title":"Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science","volume":"36","author":"A Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.025","article-title":"Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex and individual differences in uncertainty-driven exploration","volume":"73","author":"D Badre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.014","article-title":"How green is the grass on the other side? Frontopolar cortex and the evidence in favor of alternative courses of action","volume":"62","author":"ED Boorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252254","article-title":"Human cognition. Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"344","author":"M Donoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002028","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0330-18.2018","article-title":"Dopaminergic Drug Effects on Probability Weighting during Risky Decision Making","volume":"5","author":"K Ojala","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27430","article-title":"A causal role for right frontopolar cortex in directed, but not random, exploration","volume":"6","author":"WK Zajkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"A causal role for the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in avoidance of risky choices and making advantageous choices","author":"I Obeso","journal-title":"A causal role for the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in avoidance of risky choices and making advantageous choices"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh057","article-title":"A voxel-based morphometric study to determine individual differences in gray matter density associated with age and cognitive change over time","volume":"14","author":"DJ Tisserand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2014.10.007","article-title":"Executive control and decision-making in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"1","author":"P Domenech","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.193","article-title":"Dopamine, locus of control, and the exploration-exploitation tradeoff","volume":"40","author":"AS Kayser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2342","article-title":"Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation","volume":"12","author":"MJ Frank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0176034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176034","article-title":"The effect of atomoxetine on random and directed exploration in humans","volume":"12","author":"CM Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1543","article-title":"Top-down suppression deficit underlies working memory impairment in normal aging","volume":"8","author":"A Gazzaley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4238","article-title":"Computational psychiatry as a bridge from neuroscience to clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"QJM Huys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"IGT raw data\u2014Ahn","author":"W-Y Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.023","article-title":"Decision making measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in alcohol use disorder and gambling disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"I Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.021","article-title":"Dimensions and disorder specificity of impulsivity in pathological gambling","volume":"39","author":"A Kr\u00e4plin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.59","article-title":"COMT val158met and 5-HTTLPR genetic polymorphisms moderate executive control in cannabis users","volume":"38","author":"A Verdejo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9470-5","article-title":"Compulsivity and Impulsivity in Pathological Gambling: Does a Dimensional-Transdiagnostic Approach Add Clinical Utility to DSM-5 Classification?","volume":"31","author":"G Bottesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163901","article-title":"Decision Making Impairment: A Shared Vulnerability in Obesity, Gambling Disorder and Substance Use Disorders?","volume":"11","author":"N Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802352992","article-title":"Comparison of decision learning models using the generalization criterion method","volume":"32","author":"W-Y Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00568","article-title":"Gramm: grammar of graphics plotting in Matlab","volume":"3","author":"P Morel","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000040","article-title":"Bayes factors for reinforcement-learning models of the Iowa gambling task","volume":"3","author":"H Steingroever","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decisions"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.016","article-title":"Prospect theory on the brain? Toward a cognitive neuroscience of decision under risk","volume":"23","author":"C Trepel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"228","article-title":"\u0174 = .2, \u00e2 = .8, \u0109 = .6: So what?","volume":"2","author":"H Steingroever","year":"2015","journal-title":"On the meaning of parameter estimates from reinforcement-learning models"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006989","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T15:34:39Z","timestamp":1588952079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006989"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Daunizeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006989","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/387019","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]}}}