{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:29:48Z","timestamp":1788830988973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004371","name":"Exxon Mobil Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Department of Education SAFRA award","award":["P031B150062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P031B150062"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV OPP1181807 and INV OPP1099191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV OPP1181807 and INV OPP1099191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DP200100747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FT210100034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT210100034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended in Africa in several antimalarial preventive regimens including Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnant women (IPTp), Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) and Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC). The effectiveness of SP-based preventive treatments are threatened in areas where <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> resistance to SP is high. The prevalence of mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene (<jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>) can be used to monitor SP effectiveness. IPTi-SP is recommended only in areas where the prevalence of the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E mutation is below 50%. It has also been suggested that IPTp-SP does not have a protective effect in areas where the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G mutation, exceeds 10%. However, <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> mutation prevalence data in Africa are extremely heterogenous and scattered, with data completely missing from many areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The WWARN SP Molecular Surveyor database was designed to summarize dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>pfdhfr)<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> gene mutation prevalence data. In this paper, <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> mutation prevalence data was used to generate continuous spatiotemporal surface maps of the estimated prevalence of the SP resistance markers <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>437G, <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E, and <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G in Africa from 1990 to 2020 using a geostatistical model, with a Bayesian inference framework to estimate uncertainty. The maps of estimated prevalence show an expansion of the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>437G mutations across the entire continent over the last three decades. The <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E mutation emerged from limited foci in East Africa to currently exceeding 50% estimated prevalence in most of East and South East Africa. <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E distribution is expanding at low or moderate prevalence in central Africa and a predicted focus in West Africa. Although the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G mutation spread from one focus in East Africa in 2000, to exceeding 10% estimated prevalence in several foci in 2010, the predicted distribution of the marker did not expand in 2020, however our analysis indicated high uncertainty in areas where <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G is present. Uncertainty was higher in spatial regions where the prevalence of a marker is intermediate or where prevalence is changing over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The WWARN SP Molecular Surveyor database and a set of continuous spatiotemporal surface maps were built to provide users with standardized, current information on resistance marker distribution and prevalence estimates. According to the maps, the high prevalence of <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E mutation was to date restricted to East and South East Africa, which is reassuring for continued use of IPTi and SMC in West Africa, but continuous monitoring is needed as the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>540E distribution is expanding. Several foci where <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G prevalence exceeded 10% were identified. More data on the <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>581G distribution in these areas needs to be collected to guide IPTp-SP recommendations. Prevalence and uncertainty maps can be utilized together to strategically identify sites where increased surveillance can be most informative. This study combines a molecular marker database and predictive modelling to highlight areas of concern, which can be used to support decisions in public health, highlight knowledge gaps in certain regions, and guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T17:26:46Z","timestamp":1660238806000},"page":"e1010317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Spatiotemporal spread of Plasmodium falciparum mutations for resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine across Africa, 1990\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8809-726X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Flegg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-0034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgina S.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Montanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaira J.","family":"Jacome-Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen I.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaishree","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-2963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hopkins Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5042-7924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabina","family":"Dahlstr\u00f6m Otienoburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314981","article-title":"Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"371","author":"EA Ashley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1038","article-title":"Novel pfkelch13 Gene Polymorphism Associates With Artemisinin Resistance in Eastern India","volume":"69","author":"S Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1713777","article-title":"Evidence of Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Eastern India","volume":"379","author":"S Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1005-2","article-title":"Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda","volume":"26","author":"A Uwimana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa687","article-title":"Changing Prevalence of Potential Mediators of Aminoquinoline, Antifolate, and Artemisinin Resistance Across Uganda","volume":"223","author":"V Asua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref006","unstructured":"Malaria Policy Advisory Group to the WHO. Malaria Policy Advisory Group to the WHO: Session 2 of the April 2021 meeting. 28 Apr 2021 [cited 18 May 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/malaria-policy-advisory-group-to-the-who-session-2-of-the-april-2021-meeting"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02031-1","article-title":"The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa","volume":"17","author":"RW Snow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0129","article-title":"Trends in Antimalarial Drug Use in Africa","volume":"89","author":"JA Flegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1086\/338566","article-title":"Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"185","author":"JG Kublin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-89","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and treatment outcome in falciparum malaria.","volume":"8","author":"S Picot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.04.002","article-title":"Two mutations in dihydrofolate reductase combined with one in the dihydropteroate synthase gene predict sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine parasitological failure in Ugandan children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"4","author":"AO Talisuna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref012","unstructured":"WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network. SP Molecular Surveyor. In: SP Molecular Surveyor [Internet]. 2 Feb 2015 [cited 6 Feb 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.wwarn.org\/tracking-resistance\/sp-molecular-surveyor"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.14.3807","article-title":"Allelic exchange at the endogenous genomic locus in Plasmodium falciparum proves the role of dihydropteroate synthase in sulfadoxine-resistant malaria","volume":"17","author":"T Triglia","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004569","article-title":"High resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulphadoxine\/pyrimethamine in northern Tanzania and the emergence of dhps resistance mutation at Codon 581.","volume":"4","author":"S Gesase","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref015","unstructured":"WHO | WHO policy brief for the implementation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). [cited 8 Oct 2019]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/policy_brief_iptp_sp_policy_recommendation\/en\/"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref016","unstructured":"WHO | A strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the African region (archived). In: WHO [Internet]. [cited 10 Oct 2019]. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/afr_mal_04_01\/en\/"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref017","unstructured":"WHO. WHO | WHO Policy recommendation on intermittent preventive treatment during infancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in Africa. In: WHO [Internet]. World Health Organization; 1 Mar 2010 [cited 18 May 2021]10\/en\/index.html"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref018","unstructured":"WHO. WHO | Defining and validating a measure of parasite resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) that would be indicative of the protective efficacy of SP for intermittent preventive treatment in infancy (IPTi-SP). In: WHO [Internet]. World Health Organization; 1 Jun 2010 [cited 18 May 2021]. 10\/en\/index.html"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu836","article-title":"The A581G Mutation in the Gene Encoding Plasmodium falciparum Dihydropteroate Synthetase Reduces the Effectiveness of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Preventive Therapy in Malawian Pregnant Women","volume":"211","author":"J Gutman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9027","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901415106","article-title":"Competitive facilitation of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in pregnant women who receive preventive treatment","volume":"106","author":"WE Harrington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0429-x","article-title":"Antimalarial drugs for preventing malaria during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials.","volume":"13","author":"FT Muanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30732-1","article-title":"Effect of Plasmodium falciparum sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the effectiveness of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"AM van Eijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref023","unstructured":"WHO. WHO | WHO policy recommendation: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in highly seasonal transmission areas of the Sahel sub-region in Africa. 2012 Mar. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/who_smc_policy_recommendation\/en\/"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref024","unstructured":"WHO. WHO | Seasonal malaria chemoprevention with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine in children: A field guide. World Health Organization; 2013 Jul. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241504737\/en\/"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162718","article-title":"Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and Amodiaquine Selects Pfdhfr-dhps Quintuple Mutant Genotype in Mali.","volume":"11","author":"H Maiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32227-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention at scale in west and central Africa: an observational study","volume":"396","author":"ACCESS-SMC Partnership","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-249","article-title":"Spatiotemporal mathematical modelling of mutations of the dhps gene in African Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"12","author":"JA Flegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000746","article-title":"Drug resistance maps to guide intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in African infants","volume":"138","author":"I Naidoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2911-y","article-title":"Absence of kelch13 artemisinin resistance markers but strong selection for lumefantrine-tolerance molecular markers following 18 years of artemisinin-based combination therapy use in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (2001\u20132018).","volume":"18","author":"J Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2841-8","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of single low-dose primaquine in a low-intensity transmission area in South Africa: an open-label, randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"J Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31097-9","article-title":"Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"DJ Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv078","article-title":"Persistence of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance Despite Reduction of Drug Pressure in Malawi","volume":"212","author":"E Artimovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref033","article-title":"Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment among Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Malaria Indicator Surveys","volume":"3","author":"S Yaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0763","article-title":"Impacts of Antimalarial Drugs on Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance Markers, Western Kenya, 2003\u20132015","volume":"98","author":"E Hemming-Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03615-3","article-title":"Evaluation of health system readiness and coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTi) in Kambia district to inform national scale-up in Sierra Leone.","volume":"20","author":"M Lahuerta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-9","article-title":"Molecular markers of resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine one year after implementation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants in Mali.","volume":"9","author":"A Dicko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis742","article-title":"A community-randomized evaluation of the effect of intermittent preventive treatment in infants on antimalarial drug resistance in southern Tanzania","volume":"207","author":"RJ Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162718","article-title":"Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and Amodiaquine Selects Pfdhfr-dhps Quintuple Mutant Genotype in Mali.","volume":"11","author":"H Maiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30076-1","article-title":"Population coverage of artemisinin-based combination treatment in children younger than 5 years with fever and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, 2003\u20132015: a modelling study using data from national surveys","volume":"5","author":"A Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000055","article-title":"Multiple Origins and Regional Dispersal of Resistant dhps in African Plasmodium falciparum Malaria.","volume":"6","author":"RJ Pearce","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131720","article-title":"Independent lineages of highly sulfadoxine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum haplotypes, eastern Africa.","volume":"20","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1672-0","article-title":"Profile of molecular mutations in pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfmdr1, and pfcrt genes of Plasmodium falciparum related to resistance to different anti-malarial drugs in the Bata District (Equatorial Guinea).","volume":"16","author":"P Berzosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1159\/000430987","article-title":"Carriage of Mutant Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase Genes among Plasmodium falciparum Isolates Recovered from Pregnant Women with Asymptomatic Infection in Lagos, Nigeria.","volume":"24","author":"BA Iwalokun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1207-3","article-title":"Association of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 gene (Pf3D7_1343700) with parasite clearance rates after artemisinin-based treatments-a WWARN individual patient data meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"WWARN K13 Genotype-Phenotype Study Group.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2645-x","article-title":"An online mapping database of molecular markers of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: the ACT Partner Drug Molecular Surveyor.","volume":"18","author":"SD Otienoburu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001949","article-title":"Can Data Sharing Become the Path of Least Resistance?","volume":"13","author":"PLOS Medicine Editors","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0649","article-title":"Strength in Numbers: The WWARN Case Study of Purpose-Driven Data Sharing","volume":"100","author":"GS Humphreys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.251561","article-title":"Data sharing for novel coronavirus (COVID-19).","volume":"98","author":"V Moorthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref049","unstructured":"Wellcome. Coronavirus (COVID-19): sharing research data | Wellcome. [cited 16 Jun 2021]. Available: https:\/\/wellcome.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/open-data"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06708-9","article-title":"Mapping sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in infected humans and in parasite populations in Africa.","volume":"7","author":"LC Okell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0064-6","article-title":"Optimal health and disease management using spatial uncertainty: a geographic characterization of emergent artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum distributions in Southeast Asia.","volume":"15","author":"EPM Grist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pcbi.1010317.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2242-4","article-title":"Molecular markers of resistance to amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in an area with seasonal malaria chemoprevention in south central Niger.","volume":"17","author":"RF Grais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T17:27:36Z","timestamp":1660238856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010317"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Perkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}}}