{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:32:14Z","timestamp":1789133534496,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000}}],"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"hessian.AI"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-23-1-0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-23-1-0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OAC-2320846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OAC-2320846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gathering observational data for medical decision-making often involves uncertainties arising from both type I (false positive) and type II (false negative) errors. In this work, we develop a statistical model to study how medical decision-making can be improved by aggregating results from repeated diagnostic and screening tests. Our approach is relevant to not only clinical settings such as medical imaging, but also to public health, as highlighted by the need for rapid, cost-effective testing methods during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Our model enables the development of testing protocols with an arbitrary number of tests, which can be customized to meet requirements for type I and type II errors. This allows us to adjust sensitivity and specificity according to application-specific needs. Additionally, we derive generalized Rogan\u2013Gladen estimates of disease prevalence that account for an arbitrary number of tests with potentially different type I and type II errors. We also provide the corresponding uncertainty quantification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T13:48:31Z","timestamp":1736257711000},"page":"e1012749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aggregating multiple test results to improve medical decision-making"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-1897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"D\u2019Orsogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0785-6349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref001","article-title":"Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"7","author":"J Dinnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198811)44:6<1013::AID-JCLP2270440627>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model","volume":"44","author":"AG Glaros","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x","article-title":"Understanding diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity, specificity and predictive values","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1229","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in 64-year-old Swedish women: experiences of using repeated oral glucose tolerance tests","volume":"29","author":"G Brohall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref005","first-page":"OC05","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of measured blood sugar values by three glucometers compared to the standard technique","volume":"11","author":"SK Kermani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840014","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of diagnostic tests","volume":"184","author":"S Weinstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2006.01.052","article-title":"Statistical combination schemes of repeated diagnostic test data","volume":"13","author":"KH Zou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academic Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2018.06.017","article-title":"Benefits of independent double reading in digital mammography: a theoretical evaluation of all possible pairing methodologies","volume":"26","author":"PC Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Academic Radiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5601","article-title":"A simple decision analytic solution to the comparison of two binary diagnostic tests","volume":"32","author":"AJ Vickers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197507312930504","article-title":"What do we gain from the sixth stool guaiac?","volume":"293","author":"D Neuhauser","year":"1975","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-2-200501180-00006","article-title":"Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice","volume":"142","author":"JF Collins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref012","unstructured":"Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Infection; Accessed: March 13, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/testing-overview.html#TestingInfection."},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115432","article-title":"Pooled Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis: A comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"EA Daniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.105018","article-title":"Safe and effective pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 detection","volume":"145","author":"M Wunsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05145-y","article-title":"Effective matrix designs for COVID-19 group testing","volume":"24","author":"D Brust","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2885-5","article-title":"A pooled testing strategy for identifying SARS-CoV-2 at low prevalence","volume":"589","author":"L Mutesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45639-6","article-title":"High prevalence group testing in epidemiology with geometrically inspired algorithms","volume":"13","author":"H Schenk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf1568","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1568","article-title":"Using viral load and epidemic dynamics to optimize pooled testing in resource-constrained settings","volume":"13","author":"B Cleary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39326-9","article-title":"Adaptive group testing strategy for infectious diseases using social contact graph partitions","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqab007","article-title":"Classification under uncertainty: data analysis for diagnostic antibody testing","volume":"38","author":"PN Patrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2022.108858","article-title":"Optimal decision theory for diagnostic testing: Minimizing indeterminate classes with applications to saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays","volume":"351","author":"PN Patrone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111375","article-title":"Prevalence estimation and optimal classification methods to account for time dependence in antibody levels","volume":"559","author":"P Bedekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedekar P, Luke RA, Kearsley AJ. Prevalence estimation methods for time-dependent antibody kinetics of infected and vaccinated individuals: a graph-theoretic approach; 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-024-01402-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0280823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280823","article-title":"Modeling in higher dimensions to improve diagnostic testing accuracy: theory and examples for multiplex saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays","volume":"18","author":"RA Luke","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2023.108982","article-title":"Optimal classification and generalized prevalence estimates for diagnostic settings with more than two classes","volume":"358","author":"RA Luke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)31018-7","article-title":"Using multiple tests: series and parallel approaches","volume":"2","author":"RD Cebul","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clinics in Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/2530645","article-title":"Improving estimates of prevalence by repeated testing","author":"D McClish","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8600600203","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for using two dichotomous tests","volume":"6","author":"JC Hershey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2307\/2531772","article-title":"The predictive value of simple rules for combining two diagnostic tests","author":"RJ Marshall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0891-7","article-title":"\u2018Test, re-test, re-test\u2019: using inaccurate tests to greatly increase the accuracy of COVID-19 testing","volume":"26","author":"K Ramdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref031","article-title":"A new combination testing methodology to identify accurate and economical point-of-care testing strategies","author":"S Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.4826","article-title":"Robust combination testing: methods and application to COVID-19 detection","volume":"70","author":"S Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12489-8","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test and antigen testing algorithms: a decision analysis simulation model","volume":"22","author":"PP Salvatore","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208171","article-title":"Increasing test specificity without impairing sensitivity: lessons learned from SARS-CoV-2 serology","volume":"76","author":"T Perkmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-024-00175-3","article-title":"A review of methods for the analysis of diagnostic tests performed in sequence","volume":"8","author":"TR Fanshawe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8200200108","article-title":"Reliability, decision rules, and the value of repeated tests","volume":"2","author":"P Politser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7101(93)90034-4","article-title":"Optimal test strategy in the case of two tests and one disease","volume":"33","author":"A Ament","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Biomedical Computing"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64654-0","volume-title":"Medical Decision Making: A Health Economic Primer","author":"S Felder","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/antib10040050","article-title":"Disease prevalence matters: Challenge for SARS-CoV-2 testing","volume":"10","author":"CS Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref040","volume-title":"Introduction to Logic Design","author":"AB Marcovitz","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref041","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration calculator for positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for individual tests and combined; Accessed: March 14, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/137612\/download."},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89711-5","article-title":"Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the Austrian capital after an early governmental lockdown","volume":"11","author":"MK Breyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100606","article-title":"First wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Santiago Chile: Seroprevalence, asymptomatic infection and infection fatality rate","volume":"40","author":"PA Vial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112510","article-title":"Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test","volume":"107","author":"WJ Rogan","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00748-2","article-title":"Using excess deaths and testing statistics to determine COVID-19 mortalities","volume":"36","author":"L B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2214","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210115","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2021.0115","article-title":"Data science approaches to infectious disease surveillance","volume":"380","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010171","article-title":"Epidemic management and control through risk-dependent individual contact interventions","volume":"18","author":"T Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"2214","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210121","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2021.0121","article-title":"A statistical model of COVID-19 testing in populations: effects of sampling bias and testing errors","volume":"380","author":"L B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab273","article-title":"Adjusting COVID-19 seroprevalence survey results to account for test sensitivity and specificity","volume":"191","author":"MJ Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"26","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9885","article-title":"Correcting prevalence estimation for biased sampling with testing errors","volume":"42","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"21","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200809","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.21.2200809","article-title":"Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"28","author":"N Owusu-Boaitey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008477","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008477","article-title":"Assessing the burden of COVID-19 in developing countries: systematic review, meta-analysis and public policy implications","volume":"7","author":"AT Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-023-01202-y","article-title":"Getting Jab or Regular Test: Observations from an Impulsive Epidemic COVID-19 Model","volume":"85","author":"K Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2024.2388222","article-title":"Impact of cross-reactivity and herd immunity on SARS-CoV-2 pandemic severity","volume":"56","author":"N Owusu-Boaitey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.009","article-title":"Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Slovenia: results of two rounds of a nationwide population study on a probability-based sample, challenges and lessons learned","volume":"27","author":"M Poljak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref056","unstructured":"The seroprevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in Norrbotten County, Sweden; Accessed: December 14, 2023. Available from: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200623071108\/http:\/\/norrbotten.se\/sv\/Halsa-och-sjukvard\/Smittskydd-i-Norrbotten\/Information-om-nya-coronaviruset\/The-seroprevalence-of-covid-19-antibodies-in-Norrbotten-County-Sweden\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac198","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 After the Second Wave in South Africa in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected and Uninfected Persons: A Cross-Sectional Household Survey","volume":"75","author":"N Wolter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15927.1","article-title":"Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel","volume":"5","author":"ER Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.62.5.311","article-title":"Accuracy and predictive values in clinical decision-making","volume":"62","author":"MJ Eisenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.29413","volume-title":"An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, On Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability","author":"G Boole","year":"1854"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4064\/fm-25-1-379-387","article-title":"G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisations du th\u00e9or\u00e8me des probabilit\u00e9s totales","volume":"25","author":"M Fr\u00e9chet","year":"1935","journal-title":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref062","first-page":"53","article-title":"Sur les tableaux de corr\u00e9lation dont les marges sont donn\u00e9es","volume":"9","author":"M Fr\u00e9chet","year":"1951","journal-title":"Annales de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Lyon Section A: Sciences math\u00e9matiques et astronomie"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/00029890.1965.11970533","article-title":"Best possible inequalities for the probability of a logical function of events","volume":"72","author":"T Hailperin","year":"1965","journal-title":"The American Mathematical Monthly"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(72)90045-2","article-title":"An Efficient algorithm for determining the convex hull of a finite planar set","volume":"1","author":"RL Graham","year":"1972","journal-title":"Information Processing Letters"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref065","unstructured":"Greenfield JS. A Proof for a QuickHull Algorithm. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; 1990."},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1145\/235815.235821","article-title":"The quickhull algorithm for convex hulls","volume":"22","author":"CB Barber","year":"1996","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref067","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Conditions contributing to COVID-19 deaths, by state and age, provisional 2020-2023; Accessed: March 15, 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065003","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/ab9e59","article-title":"Why case fatality ratios can be misleading: individual-and population-based mortality estimates and factors influencing them","volume":"17","author":"L B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physical Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref069","first-page":"113","article-title":"Reducing multiclass to binary: A unifying approach for margin classifiers","volume":"1","author":"EL Allwein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X03257267","article-title":"A priori risk and optimal test accuracy in prenatal diagnostics","volume":"23","author":"S Felder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref071","unstructured":"Smoke WH, Zajonc RB. Reliable groups of unreliable people. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Office of Naval Research, Research Center for Group Dynamics, The Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 1960. 7."},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107446984","volume-title":"Handbook of computational social choice","author":"F Brandt","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26339137221133401","DOI":"10.1177\/26339137221133401","article-title":"Examining the limits of the Condorcet Jury Theorem: Tradeoffs in hierarchical information aggregation systems","volume":"1","author":"L B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collective Intelligence"},{"issue":"34","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2221473120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221473120","article-title":"Automating hybrid collective intelligence in open-ended medical diagnostics","volume":"120","author":"RH Kurvers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref075","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher L, Klingebiel R. Collective screening of innovation. Organization Science. 2004;."},{"issue":"34","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref076","first-page":"43","article-title":"Probabilistic logics and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components","volume":"34","author":"J von Neumann","year":"1956","journal-title":"Automata Studies"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-0032(56)90559-2","article-title":"Reliable circuits using less reliable relays, part I","volume":"262","author":"EF Moore","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of the Franklin Institute"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-0032(56)90044-8","article-title":"Reliable circuits using less reliable relays, part II","volume":"262","author":"EF Moore","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of the Franklin Institute"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.32.0169","article-title":"Extension of Moore\u2013Shannon model for relay circuits","volume":"3","author":"M Kochen","year":"1959","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref080","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher L. GitLab repository; 2024. https:\/\/gitlab.com\/ComputationalScience\/testing-statistics."},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1012749.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256566","article-title":"Performance verification of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 test for qualitative detection of IgG in Cali, Colombia","volume":"16","author":"MDM Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1012749.ref082","unstructured":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 Curve ELISA (IgG) Instructions for Use; Accessed: March 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/152747\/download."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013347","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T15:18:34Z","timestamp":1737127114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Alber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}