{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:38:06Z","timestamp":1791394686373,"version":"4.3.3"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013229","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery Grant RGPIN-2020-03911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Grant RGPIN-2020-03911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSERC Accelerator Grant RGPAS-2020-00090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC Accelerator Grant RGPAS-2020-00090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Tier 1 Canada Research Chair Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tier 1 Canada Research Chair Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Program of Natural Science in Gansu Province","award":["25JRRA148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA148"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative Fundamental Research Group Project of Gansu Province","award":["25JRRA805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The COVID-19 pandemic and related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) significantly alter the transmission dynamics of non-SARS-CoV-2 infectious diseases, with respiratory infections such as influenza being disproportionately affected. We aim to compare influenza\u2019s epidemiological characteristics between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods to inform public health responses. We develop two influenza transmission models incorporating age structure and multi-strain dynamics, featuring time-varying transmission and mortality rates. Using publicly available U.S. data, we calibrate these models to evaluate age- and strain-specific transmission patterns and mortality rates across different pandemic eras. Our analysis reveals that during the final pandemic year, influenza transmission among adults (\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"pcbi.1013229.e001\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pcbi.1013229.e001g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013229.e001\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M1\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2265<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mn>18<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    years) initially declined but rebounded to pre-pandemic levels within the first post-pandemic year following NPI relaxation and behavioral normalization, while transmission stability persists in the &lt;18 cohort. All-age influenza mortality rates exhibit a transient elevation during the pandemic\u2019s final year before returning to baseline levels pre-pandemic. Furthermore, after the COVID-19 pandemic, the transmission rate of influenza A decreases alongside peaks in new cases, while the transmission of influenza B fluctuates without a decline. Our findings indicate that while the COVID-19 pandemic has induced significant transient modifications in influenza\u2019s epidemiological profile, key transmission and mortality characteristics regain pre-pandemic equilibrium within one year following pandemic resolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T15:31:39Z","timestamp":1751988699000},"page":"e1013229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Infectivity and fatality of influenza in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic 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Maharaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pcbi.1013229.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102089","article-title":"Why has the epidemiology of RSV changed during the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"61","author":"B Abu-Raya","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013229.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48201-8","article-title":"Temporal shifts in 24 notifiable infectious diseases in China before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"K Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013229.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27292-7","article-title":"Changes in notifiable infectious disease incidence in China during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"M-J Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat 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