{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:21:09Z","timestamp":1791534069571,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000}}],"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00c3\u00a0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# PNC0000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PNC0000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00c3\u00a0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# PNC0000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PNC0000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00c3\u00a0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# PNC0000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PNC0000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00c3\u00a0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EBRAINSItaly (IR0000011)-European Brain ReseArch INfrastructureS-Italy (DN. 101 16.06.2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EBRAINSItaly (IR0000011)-European Brain ReseArch INfrastructureS-Italy (DN. 101 16.06.2022)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), the beta band (12\u201330 Hz) component of basal ganglia activity is pathologically high. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment to suppress symptoms of PD and is known to suppress pathological beta activity. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not completely understood. Here, we tested the circuital effects of DBS in a computational model of the basal ganglia network in dopamine-depleted condition mimicking PD. Our model reproduces suppression of beta pathological oscillations in the basal ganglia network induced by subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS. Crucially, this occurs for realistic levels of DBS intensity only if we incorporate short-term plasticity in projections from STN, increasing the DBS intensity required for suppression of pathological beta oscillations. STN stimulation hampers beta oscillations in the subthalamo-pallidal beta loop. This induces a progressive dephasing between this loop and the striato-pallidal beta loop, which leads in turn to a network-wide suppression of beta oscillations. This is also reflected in a restoration of the balance between D1 and D2 firing rates, which was altered by dopamine depletion. Moreover, the model also reproduces the DBS-induced gamma activity associated with symptom recovery. Finally, we explored the circuital effects of a broad range of DBS parameters in suppressing beta oscillations, focusing on the clinically relevant range of 60\u2013150 Hz stimulation. The model suggests that 60\u201380 Hz stimulation frequencies might achieve beta desynchronization for an intensity even lower than the one needed at the standard 130 Hz frequency. Overall, our model lays the ground for in-silico tests of a broad spectrum of stimulation patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:42:40Z","timestamp":1770835360000},"page":"e1013280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In silico model of basal ganglia deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease captures range of effective parameters for pathological beta power suppression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-0089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"Ahmadipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fattorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-0504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Meneghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref001","volume-title":"Ganong\u2019s review of medical physiology","author":"SM Barman","year":"2012","edition":"24"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0053-2","article-title":"Management of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"F Sprenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models","volume":"39","author":"W Dauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","article-title":"The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders","volume":"12","author":"RL Albin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.2.507","article-title":"The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism","volume":"72","author":"H Bergman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"28","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107748108","article-title":"Striatal origin of the pathologic beta oscillations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"108","author":"MM McCarthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113513","article-title":"Subthalamic beta oscillations correlate with dopaminergic degeneration in experimental parkinsonism","volume":"335","author":"JK Haumesser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"20","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7766","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07766.2000","article-title":"High-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients with limb tremor","volume":"20","author":"R Levy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00697.2006","article-title":"Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"M Weinberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2113-19.2020","article-title":"Parkinsonian Beta Dynamics during Rest and Movement in the Dorsal Pallidum and Subthalamic Nucleus","volume":"40","author":"RS Eisinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00060","article-title":"Synchrony in Parkinson\u2019s disease: importance of intrinsic properties of the external globus pallidus","volume":"7","author":"BC Schwab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"6745","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/23281","article-title":"A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus","volume":"400","author":"D Plenz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.027","article-title":"Dichotomous organization of the external globus pallidus","volume":"74","author":"N Mallet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"17","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4662-14.2015","article-title":"Prototypic and arkypallidal neurons in the dopamine-intact external globus pallidus","volume":"35","author":"A Abdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15352-3","article-title":"The globus pallidus orchestrates abnormal network dynamics in a model of Parkinsonism","volume":"11","author":"la Crompe B de","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1491","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1817","article-title":"Subthalamic-pallidal interactions are critical in determining normal and abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia","volume":"269","author":"A Gillies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00086","article-title":"The role of inhibition in generating and controlling Parkinson\u2019s disease oscillations in the Basal Ganglia","volume":"5","author":"A Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5050-05.2006","article-title":"Competition between feedback loops underlies normal and pathological dynamics in the basal ganglia","volume":"26","author":"A Leblois","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.12.018","article-title":"Mean-field modeling of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical system. I Firing rates in healthy and parkinsonian states","volume":"257","author":"SJ van Albada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.12.013","article-title":"Mean-field modeling of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical system. II Dynamics of parkinsonian oscillations","volume":"257","author":"SJ van Albada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3490-14.2015","article-title":"Desynchronization of fast-spiking interneurons reduces \u03b2-band oscillations and imbalance in firing in the dopamine-depleted striatum","volume":"35","author":"S Damodaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0339-16.2016","article-title":"Pallidostriatal Projections Promote \u03b2 Oscillations in a Dopamine-Depleted Biophysical Network Model","volume":"36","author":"VL Corbit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010645","article-title":"Dopamine depletion leads to pathological synchronization of distinct basal ganglia loops in the beta band","volume":"19","author":"A Ortone","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00199-8","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on the neuronal activities of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the rat","volume":"99","author":"A Benazzouz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad239","article-title":"Neurophysiological mechanisms of deep brain stimulation across spatiotemporal resolutions","volume":"146","author":"W-J Neumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.06.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation(DBS)","volume":"32","author":"EB Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-05-01916.2003","article-title":"Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus changes the firing pattern of pallidal neurons","volume":"23","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00475.2002","article-title":"Effects of high-frequency stimulation in the internal globus pallidus on the activity of thalamic neurons in the awake monkey","volume":"89","author":"ME Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00989.2003","article-title":"Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition","volume":"91","author":"CC McIntyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.024","article-title":"Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both","volume":"115","author":"CC McIntyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.022","article-title":"A theoretical framework for the site-specific and frequency-dependent neuronal effects of deep brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"L Milosevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2014.00032","article-title":"Effects of antidromic and orthodromic activation of STN afferent axons during DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a simulation study","volume":"8","author":"G Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae300","article-title":"Interaction of motor behaviour, cortical oscillations and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"148","author":"K Mirpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"24","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0282-08.2008","article-title":"High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus suppresses oscillatory beta activity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease in parallel with improvement in motor performance","volume":"28","author":"AA K\u00fchn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.09.016","article-title":"Intra-operative STN DBS attenuates the prominent beta rhythm in the STN in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"197","author":"B Wingeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa394","article-title":"Modulation of beta bursts in subthalamic sensorimotor circuits predicts improvement in bradykinesia","volume":"144","author":"YM Kehnemouyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04717.x","article-title":"Reduction in subthalamic 8-35 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"AA K\u00fchn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105287","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation induces finely-tuned gamma oscillations in the absence of levodopa","volume":"152","author":"C Wiest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.07.005","article-title":"\u03b3 oscillations in the human basal ganglia","volume":"245","author":"N Jenkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-03-01033.2001","article-title":"Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"P Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf135","article-title":"Movement-related changes in synchronization in the human basal ganglia","volume":"125","author":"M Cassidy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.05.013","article-title":"Oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus during arm reaching in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"236","author":"RA Joundi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl358","article-title":"Dopaminergic therapy promotes lateralized motor activity in the subthalamic area in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"130","author":"AG Androulidakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"24","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1128-16.2016","article-title":"Gamma Oscillations in the Hyperkinetic State Detected with Chronic Human Brain Recordings in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"NC Swann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"47","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16541","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3047-12.2012","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is strongly associated with resonant cortical oscillations","volume":"32","author":"P Halje","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JCNS.0000025686.47117.67","article-title":"High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus eliminates pathological thalamic rhythmicity in a computational model","volume":"16","author":"JE Rubin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00103.2010","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation alleviates parkinsonian bradykinesia by regularizing pallidal activity","volume":"104","author":"AD Dorval","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-016-0593-9","article-title":"A biophysical model of the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus network in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"K Kumaravelu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-011-0379-z","article-title":"The effects of DBS patterns on basal ganglia activity and thalamic relay\u00a0: a computational study","volume":"33","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08085.x","article-title":"Network effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation drive a unique mixture of responses in basal ganglia output","volume":"36","author":"MD Humphries","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406549111","article-title":"Therapeutic mechanisms of high-frequency stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and neural restoration via loop-based reinforcement","volume":"112","author":"S Santaniello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2011.03.010","article-title":"Multi-site stimulation of subthalamic nucleus diminishes thalamocortical relay errors in a biophysical network model","volume":"24","author":"Y Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2015.12.005","article-title":"Optimal control of directional deep brain stimulation in the parkinsonian neuronal network","volume":"36","author":"D Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00055","article-title":"A Population Model of Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement Disorders From Circuits to Cells","volume":"14","author":"N Yousif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref055","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease can restore dynamics of striatal networks","volume":"119","author":"EM Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"41","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16610","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316071110","article-title":"Short-term synaptic plasticity in the deterministic Tsodyks-Markram model leads to unpredictable network dynamics","volume":"110","author":"JM Cortes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00016","article-title":"The impact of stimulation induced short-term synaptic plasticity on firing patterns in the globus pallidus of the rat","volume":"5","author":"J Bugaysen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref058","first-page":"2470","article-title":"Connectivity and Dynamics Underlying Synaptic Control of the Subthalamic Nucleus","volume":"39","author":"LA Steiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47552-6","article-title":"Neural signatures of indirect pathway activity during subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"LA Steiner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx296","article-title":"Neuronal inhibition and synaptic plasticity of basal ganglia neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"141","author":"L Milosevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-12-05164.2002","article-title":"Short-term plasticity shapes the response to simulated normal and parkinsonian input patterns in the globus pallidus","volume":"22","author":"JE Hanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.5.706","article-title":"The impact on Parkinson\u2019s disease of electrical parameter settings in STN stimulation","volume":"59","author":"E Moro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdbs.2023.03.002","article-title":"Application of current steering with MICC directional lead in STN-DBS for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"A Umemura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref064","article-title":"Patient-specific analysis of the relationship between the volume of tissue activated during DBS and verbal fluency","author":"A Mikos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0140-17.2017","article-title":"Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation: Basic Concepts and Novel Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"C Hamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1784-y","article-title":"Stimulation-induced inhibition of neuronal firing in human subthalamic nucleus","volume":"156","author":"M Filali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.1.89","article-title":"Effects of high-frequency stimulation on subthalamic neuronal activity in parkinsonian patients","volume":"61","author":"M-L Welter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321140","article-title":"Subthalamic suppression defines therapeutic threshold of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"90","author":"L Milosevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0156-16.2016","article-title":"Untangling Basal Ganglia Network Dynamics and Function: Role of Dopamine Depletion and Inhibition Investigated in a Spiking Network Model","volume":"3","author":"M Lindahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref070","article-title":"Gamma oscillations in basal ganglia stem from the interplay between local inhibition and beta synchronization","author":"M Ahmadipour","year":"2025","journal-title":"openRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26658","article-title":"Low-frequency deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Great expectation or false hope?","volume":"31","author":"L di Biase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.005","article-title":"Theoretical principles of deep brain stimulation induced synaptic suppression","volume":"12","author":"A Farokhniaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf103","article-title":"Modulating inhibitory synaptic plasticity to restore basal ganglia dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"148","author":"KA Spencer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071718","article-title":"Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Random Inputs Shape Interspike Interval Regularity of Model STN Neurons","volume":"13","author":"T Thieu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086496","article-title":"Neural plasticity in human brain connectivity: the effects of long term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"TJ van Hartevelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.12.105","article-title":"A Novel Computational Model for Integrating Dynamics of Short- and Long-term Synaptic Plasticity During and After Electrical Stimulation","volume":"18","author":"M Madadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.117507","article-title":"Pyramidal tract side effects induced by deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"79","author":"G Tommasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014","article-title":"Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation","volume":"25","author":"JF Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000303972.16279.46","article-title":"STN-DBS frequency effects on freezing of gait in advanced Parkinson disease","volume":"71","author":"C Moreau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02761-x","article-title":"Efficacy of subthalamic deep brain stimulation programming strategies for gait disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"NCB Tortato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.7.023128","article-title":"Rhythmic modulation of subthalamo-pallidal interactions depends on synaptic rewiring through inhibitory plasticity","volume":"7","author":"M Madadi Asl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Rev Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref082","article-title":"Adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"M Beudel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.020","article-title":"Dual threshold neural closed loop deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease patients","volume":"12","author":"A Velisar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.01.001","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of cortical drive to human subthalamic nucleus neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"A Sharott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105119","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease uncovers an underlying sensitivity of subthalamic nucleus neurons to beta-frequency cortical input in vivo","volume":"146","author":"MK Baaske","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073189","article-title":"Directional analysis of coherent oscillatory field potentials in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia of the rat","volume":"562","author":"A Sharott","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2016.00101","article-title":"Local Field Potentials: Myths and Misunderstandings","volume":"10","author":"O Herreras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3599","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of local field potentials for studying the function of cortical circuits","volume":"14","author":"GT Einevoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241","article-title":"The origin of extracellular fields and currents--EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes","volume":"13","author":"G Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004584","article-title":"Computing the Local Field Potential (LFP) from Integrate-and-Fire Network Models","volume":"11","author":"A Mazzoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2025.107866","article-title":"Kernel-based LFP estimation in detailed large-scale spiking network model of mouse visual cortex","volume":"192","author":"N Meneghetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref092","article-title":"On the validity of electric brain signal predictions based on population firing rates","volume":"21","author":"TV Ness","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac2dd4","article-title":"Estimation of electric field impact in deep brain stimulation from axon diameter distribution in the human brain","volume":"7","author":"JD Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.015","article-title":"Quantifying axonal responses in patient-specific models of subthalamic deep brain stimulation","volume":"172","author":"K Gunalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00004.2022","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation of an anatomically detailed model of the human hyperdirect pathway","volume":"127","author":"CS Bingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2021.07.025","article-title":"Subspace-based predictive control of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A model-based study","volume":"142","author":"M Ahmadipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.06.034","article-title":"Selective activation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during choice execution","volume":"67","author":"GJ Gage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.035","article-title":"Oscillatory entrainment of striatal neurons in freely moving rats","volume":"43","author":"JD Berke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90606.2008","article-title":"Dysregulated information processing by medium spiny neurons in striatum of freely behaving mouse models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"100","author":"BR Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"52","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14245","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4199-08.2008","article-title":"Parkinsonian beta oscillations in the external globus pallidus and their relationship with subthalamic nucleus activity","volume":"28","author":"N Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7926","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-20-07926.1997","article-title":"A quantitative description of short-term plasticity at excitatory synapses in layer 2\/3 of rat primary visual cortex","volume":"17","author":"JA Varela","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017502","article-title":"Neural networks with dynamic synapses","volume":"10","author":"M Tsodyks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4439-05.2006","article-title":"Cortical inputs and GABA interneurons imbalance projection neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian rats","volume":"26","author":"N Mallet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113641","article-title":"Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine","volume":"34","author":"CR Gerfen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"22","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5861","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.241331","article-title":"Altered pallido-pallidal synaptic transmission leads to aberrant firing of globus pallidus neurons in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"590","author":"C Miguelez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.035","article-title":"Rapid target-specific remodeling of fast-spiking inhibitory circuits after loss of dopamine","volume":"71","author":"AH Gittis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1013280.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.017","article-title":"Methods for isolating extracellular action potentials and removing stimulus artifacts from microelectrode recordings of neurons requiring minimal operator intervention","volume":"144","author":"EB Montgomery","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1013280.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00019","article-title":"ANNarchy: a code generation approach to neural simulations on parallel hardware","volume":"9","author":"J Vitay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T18:45:40Z","timestamp":1771440340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bettina C.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013280","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.06.30.662262","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}}}